Three-Dimensional Architectures in Electrochemical Capacitor Applications – Insights, Opinions, and Perspectives

Abstract

This review focuses on describing the current state-of-the-art research in the synthesis of 3D architectures for electrochemical capacitor applications. The selection is based on both template and non-template strategies. Particular attention has been paid to carbon materials because of their structural interconnection, as they create not only the desired hierarchical porous channels but also ensure high conductivity and mechanical stability. A comprehensive overview of electrode materials is presented here with a detailed discussion of composite solutions, including their advantages and disadvantages. Numerous examples from the literature are presented for individual solutions. The future challenges posed for this type of material are finally summarized.

Integration of supercapacitor with solar cell based on NiO 2 and CdS nanopillars embedded in porous anodic alumina templates

“…Furthermore, due to their desirable physicochemical, electrical, and mechanical properties, nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention for electrochemical energy storage as well. 32,33,42,43 As noted earlier, active SC electrodes are made of a nanoporous carbonaceous material with both high porosity and specific surface area. Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template-directed fabrication by anodization of aluminum is one of the fabrication techniques for selforganized, highly ordered nanoporous thin-film arrays [60][61][62][63][64][65] with hexagonal honeycomb-like pores with controlled dimensions and very high density (10 10 cm À2 ).…”

“…Several review papers on various PVSC, 12‐29 EES devices, 29‐48 and integrated systems 1‐12 have been published recently. As much as 90% of the worldwide PV market is currently dominated by the first‐generation Si‐based PVSCs, which have a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 27%, 12,21 as well as good stability and fixed industrial production standards.…”

“…Electrochemical Li‐ion batteries (ECB), 29 capacitors, and electrochemical supercapacitors (SC) 30‐45 are the primary electrochemical EES components at the moment. The primary distinction between SCs and ECBs is how they operate their charge storage systems.…”

“…Due to their structural merits, ordered arrays of nanostructures convert solar energy 46‐51 more efficiently than disordered ones. Furthermore, due to their desirable physicochemical, electrical, and mechanical properties, nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention for electrochemical energy storage as well 32,33,42,43 …”

“…Several review papers on various PVSC, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] EES devices, [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] and integrated systems [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] have been published recently. As much as 90% of the worldwide PV market is currently dominated by the first-generation Sibased PVSCs, which have a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 27%,…”