Three-dimensional ankle kinematics and kinetics during running in women

The Effect of Fatigue-Induced Changes in Eggbeater-Kick Kinematics on Performance and Risk of Injury

“…Because the eggbeater kick does not have a support phase during its cycle, and it relies strongly on the orientation of the feet to create propulsive forces, one might expect large amplitude and ranges of motions for the ankle joint. Ankle maximum plantarflexion, inversion and adduction during the eggbeater kick were greater than the values reported for daily activities, such as walking 23 , or sports movements such as running 24,21 or cycling 22 .…”

Effect of end-stage hip, knee, and ankle osteoarthritis on walking mechanics

“…A modified Helen-Hayes marker set was used for testing. This marker set has been previously used when testing patients with ankle [12][13][14][15], hip [16][17][18][19], and knee OA [20,21], as well as healthy control subjects [22]. Each subject was asked to stand within the capture volume to record a static standing trial.…”

Gender Differences in Lower Extremity Kinematics and Kinetics of the Vertical Ground Reaction Force Peak in Drop-landing by Flatfooted Subjects

“…A landing maneuver of medially directed GRF usually promotes hip adduction and knee and ankle abduction to absorb the impact 23) . These findings of differences between males and females may be explained by different strengths of ligaments and muscles possibly, arising from hormonal differences, lower initial fitness, and anthropometric factors 24) . It has also been reported that there are gender differences in the neuromuscular responses of the quadriceps and hamstring, the quadriceps activation in females being earlier and rising more rapidly than the hamstring at relatively small knee flexion angles 25) .…”