Three‐dimensional analysis of the human pharyngoesophageal sphincter

Abstract

Objectives: Dysfunction of the pharyngoesophageal segment (PES) is a common cause of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Surgical dilation of the PES uses cylindrical dilators that expand radially in a circular shape. Animal studies, however, suggest that the PES is kidney-shaped. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the 3D shape of the human PES with a novel casting method. Methods: A platinum-cured liquid silicone polymer was infused under pressure into the upper aerodigestive tract of nine fresh human cadavers to construct 3D casts of the maximally distended PES. Cross-sectional and volumetric analysis were performed using computed tomography and serial sectioning of the models. Canonical variate analysis was used to identify the shape features that best distinguishes the PES from the cervical esophagus. Results: The mean age of the cadavers was 77.9 (SD AE 10.6) years, with 67% women. Analysis of the casts confirms that the human PES possesses a kidney-shaped structure at maximal distention, which is discretely different from the adjacent esophagus (P < 0.001). The posterior body of the cricoid cartilage formed the anterior wall of the PES, which provided a rigid structure responsible for preservation of the kidney shape during distention. The diameter of the maximally distended PES at the cricopharyngeus was highly variable (range = 0.86-4.68 cm 2 ; SD = 1.33 cm 2). Conclusion: The data suggest that the human PES is not round and that targeted expansion at the level of the cricopharyngeus with an eccentrically shaped dilator may provide improved distention.

An anatomical study of the anterior wall of the hypopharyngeal and the cervical esophageal junction

“…Following this speculation, few studies have discussed the structures that may mediate the closing of the proximal part of the esophagus. As for the shape of the maximally distended UES, Randall et al (2019) reported that the smallest cross-sectional area at the level of the cricopharyngeus was shaped like a kidney with its anterior wall protruding into the cavity of the digestive tract [32] . Fig.…”