Three-dimensional analysis of horse and human gaits in therapeutic riding

Uchiyama, Hidehiko; Ohtani, Nobuyo; Ohta, Mitsuaki

doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.10.024

Cited by 42 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As for the exclusion criteria, articles were excluded based on the following: (a) studies that examined pet ownership such as the use of a personal pet as a form of treatment or caring for a novel animal for an extensive period of time which includes animal chores and duties, (b) literature reviews (including systematic reviews and meta‐analysis) as these articles do not provide empirical information (i.e., specific data), (c) studies with PT that was simultaneously combined with another form of therapy, (d) studies with any drugs administrated before PT as this may confound the physiological response, (e) studies that had extensive exercise with the animal as a form of PT (e.g., horseback riding; Uchiyama, Ohtani, & Ohta, ) as the increase in physical activity may increase the physiological response, and (f) studies that administrated a novel stressor to the participants (e.g., Trier social stress test) along with the PT. We included studies that contained stressors with which participants had previous exposure (e.g., repeated chemotherapy).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of pet therapy on the physiological and subjective stress response: A meta‐analysis

Ein

Vickers

2018

Stress and Health

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Studies have reported that exposure to pet therapy (PT) can reduce physiological and subjective stress and anxiety levels. The aim of this meta-analysis is to examine the efficacy of PT as a method for reducing physiological stress levels (blood pressure and heart rate) and subjective stress and anxiety scores (self-reported stress/anxiety). Further, we examined the effects of sample characteristics and modifications to the PT (different age groups and health status of participants across samples, whether a stressor was present, and individual versus group PT) as potential moderators of the relationship between PT and stress reactivity. Our searches incorporated articles published from May 2017 and earlier in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and PubMed. This meta-analysis included 28 articles with 34 independent samples and contained a total of 1,310 participants. Using a random effects model, we determined that significant differences occurred in heart rate, self-reported anxiety, and self-reported stress after PT exposure compared with before PT. However, we did not detect significant differences in blood pressure after PT. Sample characteristics and modifications to the PT significantly moderated the effect of PT on stress responses. Our results suggest that PT can be an effective program for reducing stress reactivity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of pet therapy on the physiological and subjective stress response: A meta‐analysis

Ein

Vickers

2018

Stress and Health

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“…Particularly, during hippotherapy training, participants are ''forced'' to continuously respond to a changing environment which involves a variety of stimuli. Horse riding provides motor and sensory inputs through variations in gravity (Uchiyama et al, 2011). Such an environment provides deep proprioception as well as other sensory input while it encourages reaction or movement adaptations (Bertoti, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It provides such stimulation that is very difficult to reproduce in any other traditional therapy setting and creates a valuable environment for learning new motor strategies that could be used by the child in daily functional activities (McGibbon, Benda, Duncan, & Silkwood-Sherer, 2009). The rationale for hippotherapy is that the horse's gait provides a precise, smooth, rhythmic, and repetitive pattern of movement to the rider that is similar to the mechanics of human gait (Bertoti, 1988;Uchiyama, Ohtani, & Ohta, 2011). This rhythmical movement, combined with the warmth of the horse's body provides deep proprioception as well as other sensory input (Bertoti, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Muscle reaction function of individuals with intellectual disabilities may be improved through therapeutic use of a horse

Giagazoglou

Arabatzi

Kellis

et al. 2013

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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“…A mutual interaction may in fact result in (I) a motor coordination dynamic or (II) in the coupling of physiological activities (brain/heart/hormonal) of both human and horse [24,25]. In the first case, the movement of the horse's pelvis during horseback riding provides motor and sensory inputs to the human body producing normalized pelvic movement in the rider, closely resembling ambulation in individuals without disabilities [26,27]. Eventually, the rider's motion becomes phase-matched with that of the horse, developing in a synchronized gait [28,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional Transfer in Human–Horse Interaction: New Perspectives on Equine Assisted Interventions

Scopa

Contalbrigo

Greco

et al. 2019

Animals

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Equine assisted interventions (EAIs) include all therapeutic interventions aimed at improving human wellbeing through the involvement of horses. Due to the prominent emotional involvement traditionally characterizing their relation with humans, horses developed sophisticated communicative skills, which fostered their ability to respond to human emotional states. In this review, we hypothesize that the proximate causation of successful interventions could be human–animal mutual coordination, through which the subjects bodily and, most importantly, emotionally come into contact. We propose that detecting emotions of other individuals and developing the capacity to fine-tune one’s own emotional states accordingly (emotional transfer mechanism), could represent the key engine triggering the positive effects of EAIs. We provide a comprehensive analysis of horses’ socio-emotional competences according to recent literature and we propose a multidisciplinary approach to investigate this inter-specific match. By considering human and horse as a unique coupling system during the interaction, it would be possible to objectively measure the degree of coordination through the analysis of physiological variables of both human and animal. Merging the state of art on human–horse relationship with the application of novel methodologies, could help to improve standardized protocols for animal assisted interventions, with particular regard to the emotional states of subjects involved.

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Three-dimensional analysis of horse and human gaits in therapeutic riding

Cited by 42 publications

References 18 publications

The effect of pet therapy on the physiological and subjective stress response: A meta‐analysis

The effect of pet therapy on the physiological and subjective stress response: A meta‐analysis

Muscle reaction function of individuals with intellectual disabilities may be improved through therapeutic use of a horse

Emotional Transfer in Human–Horse Interaction: New Perspectives on Equine Assisted Interventions

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