Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing of Polymer-Metal Hybrid Materials by Fused Deposition Modeling

Abstract

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a three-dimensional (3D) printing technology that is usually performed with polymers that are molten in a printer nozzle and placed line by line on the printing bed or the previous layer, respectively. Nowadays, hybrid materials combining polymers with functional materials are also commercially available. Especially combinations of polymers with metal particles result in printed objects with interesting optical and mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of objects printed with two of these metal-polymer blends were compared to common poly (lactide acid) (PLA) printed objects. Tensile tests and bending tests show that hybrid materials mostly containing bronze have significantly reduced mechanical properties. Tensile strengths of the 3D-printed objects were unexpectedly nearly identical with those of the original filaments, indicating sufficient quality of the printing process. Our investigations show that while FDM printing allows for producing objects with mechanical properties similar to the original materials, metal-polymer blends cannot be used for the rapid manufacturing of objects necessitating mechanical strength.

Influence of fabric pretreatment on adhesion of three-dimensional printed material on textile substrates

“…Figure 3 depicts the tensile strength of these samples. It should be mentioned that in all cases cohesive failure occurred, as evaluated in detail in Fafenrot et al 20 No significant differences are visible, comparing the different infill orientations. This means that the inplane adhesion between neighboring printed lines as well as the layer-layer adhesion between the first and the second layer must be relatively good, although no optimization of printing parameters responsible for these values was done.…”

Printability of a Cellulose Derivative for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing: The Application on a Biodegradable Support Material

“…Not like the clear surface of the rectilinear pattern, the geometries filled in with the Hilbert curve pattern showed less straight and distinct peripheral lines (Figures 3A-C). The main reason may be the short traveling distance of the nozzle caused the printed filaments to have less tensile strength (Fafenrot et al, 2017; FIGURE 3 | K4M 12% w/v printed geometries with different fill-in patterns (R means rectilinear fill-in patterns and H means Hilbert curve fill-in patterns) and densities (100, 75, and 50%). Akhoundi and Behravesh, 2019).…”

Adhesion of three-dimensional printing on textile fabrics: Inspiration from and for other research areas

“…The term '3D printing' (three-dimensional printing) includes many different technologies, such as stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modelling (FDM) or polyjet modelling (PJM). [1][2][3][4][5] Although these technologies offer large advantages in comparison with previous methods to prepare objects from polymers or metals, such as individualization and fast production without the necessity to prepare an expensive form before, similar to in injection dye casting, there are also disadvantages which have not yet been overcome, such as large anisotropies inside 3D printed objects, [6][7][8] making mechanical properties hard to control; 9,10 a high waviness or roughness, depending on the technology; [11][12][13][14] and long printing durations which make the process less interesting for larger numbers of identical objects to be produced.…”