Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing in Cancer Therapy and Diagnostics: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a technique where the products are printed layer-by-layer via a series of cross-sectional slices with the exact deposition of different cell types and biomaterials based on computer-aided design software. Three-dimensional printing can be divided into several approaches, such as extrusion-based printing, laser-induced forward transfer-based printing systems, and so on. Bio-ink is a crucial tool necessary for the fabrication of the 3D construct of living tissue in order to mimic the native tissue/cells using 3D printing technology. The formation of 3D software helps in the development of novel drug delivery systems with drug screening potential, as well as 3D constructs of tumor models. Additionally, several complex structures of inner tissues like stroma and channels of different sizes are printed through 3D printing techniques. Three-dimensional printing technology could also be used to develop therapy training simulators for educational purposes so that learners can practice complex surgical procedures. The fabrication of implantable medical devices using 3D printing technology with less risk of infections is receiving increased attention recently. A Cancer-on-a-chip is a microfluidic device that recreates tumor physiology and allows for a continuous supply of nutrients or therapeutic compounds. In this review, based on the recent literature, we have discussed various printing methods for 3D printing and types of bio-inks, and provided information on how 3D printing plays a crucial role in cancer management.

Composition, preparation methods, and applications of nanoniosomes as codelivery systems: a review of emerging therapies with emphasis on cancer

“…183 The emergence of the 3D-printing method has produced numerous updated possibilities for polymer hydrogel-based drug administration approaches, particularly for cancer therapy. 184,185 3D-printing prepares controllable and organized scaffolds with excessive precision, which might give rise to the prolonged and mediated release of various agents and molecules, such as proteins and different types of drugs in a possible and acceptable procedure. 186 Hosseini et al recently presented a novel DDS based on 3Dprinted gelatin-alginate biodegradable scaffolds incorporating paclitaxel-loaded niosomes (Nio-PTX@GT-AL) for breast cancer therapy.…”

3D Printing for Cancer Diagnosis: What Unique Advantages Are Gained?

“…On the other hand, 3D cancer models encompass cancer cells cultured in hydrogels, spheroid monoculture, spheroid coculture, cancer/stromal cells cultured in porous 3D scaffolds, and advanced bioprinted constructs. These 3D models provide more physiologically relevant environments for cancer research and drug development . Traditional 2D cell cultures and animal models are commonly used for cancer research, but they have limitations in studying cancer stem cells (CSCs) and translating findings to clinical development.…”

“…Cancer, a complex and multifaceted disease, continues to be a significant global health challenge, affecting millions of lives worldwide − Over the years, numerous advancements have been made in understanding cancer biology, diagnosing the disease, and developing effective treatment strategies. Among these advancements, the emergence of 3D printing technology has revolutionized the field of cancer diagnostics, offering immense potential in detecting and monitoring the disease. − …”

“…Furthermore, for cancer diagnosis, high levels of accuracy are crucial to ensure reliable and actionable results. The required accuracy can vary depending on the specific diagnostic application, but in general, it needs to be high to avoid false positives or false negatives, which could lead to misdiagnosis or delayed treatment. − For example, the most common HIV tests use blood to detect infection, and oral fluid can also be used. ELISA tests are sensitive and may use blood or oral fluid samples.…”

3D-printed long-acting 5-fluorouracil implant to prevent conjunctival fibrosis in glaucoma

“…[14,15] 3DP is an additive manufacturing technology where the customised objects are manufactured layer-by-layer (LbL) with high precision. [16,17] As 3D-printed medical implants can personalise the medical device geometries as well as the drug release rate, it will have promising results when applied to ophthalmology. [15] To the best of our knowledge, only a few studies have been carried out to develop a 5-FU sustained release implant.…”