Resistance to radiation leukemia virus-induced leukemia is correlated with an increase in H-2D expression on the thymocyte surface. Recently, it has been shown that elevated H-2D d expression on the infected thymocyte is a result of elevated mRNA transcription and that the transcriptional increase is correlated with elevated levels of a DNA binding activity, H-2 binding factor 1 (H-2 BF1), which recognizes the 5 -flanking sequences (5 -TGACGCG-3 ) of the H-2D d gene. This target for transcription factor binding has been found to be identical in the 5 -regulatory region of 12 rodent class I genes, nine of which have been shown to be functional genes. Furthermore, this cis-element is found 5 of 20 primate class I genes (15 human genes), seven of which are known to be functional. Here, we demonstrate that activation transcription factor 1 (ATF-1) is one component of H-2 BF1. In addition, the levels of ATF-1 mRNA in uninfected and radiation leukemia virus-infected thymocytes parallel those of H-2D d mRNA, and therefore, it is suggested that ATF-1 up-regulates the transcription of the H-2D d gene after radiation leukemia virus infection of thymocytes. Transfection experiments also demonstrate that ATF-1 activates a reporter plasmid that contains the H-2 BF1 motif, but not a reporter lacking this motif. This is the first demonstration of the interaction of ATF-1 with 5 -regulatory sequences of major histocompatibility complex class I genes.