Three Camellia sinensis glutathione S-transferases are involved in the storage of anthocyanins, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins

Liu, Yajun; Jiang, Han; Zhao, Yue; Li, Xin; Dai, Xinlong; Zhuang, Juhua; Zhu, Mengqing; Jiang, Xiaolan; Wang, Peiqiang; Gao, Liping; Xia, Tao

doi:10.1007/s00425-019-03206-2

Cited by 33 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…With the release of tea reference genome, gene family identification, classification, and function prediction have gradually become new research hotspots Liu et al, 2019;Ma et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2018). With the extreme global climate, low temperature stress and drought stress may adversely affect the growth and development of tea plants and the quality of tea products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide investigation and transcriptional analysis of cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferase and DNA demethylase gene families in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) under abiotic stress and withering processing

Zhu

Zhang

Zhou

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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DNA methylation is a highly conserved epigenetic modification involved in many biological processes, including growth and development, stress response, and secondary metabolism. In the plant kingdom, cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferase (C5-MTase) and DNA demethylase (dMTase) genes have been identified in some plant species. However, to the best of our knowledge, no investigator has focused on the identification and analysis of C5-MTase and dMTase genes in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) based on genome-wide levels. In this study, eight CsC5-MTases and four dMTases were identified in tea plants. These CsC5-MTase genes were divided into four subfamilies, including CsMET, CsCMT, CsDRM and CsDNMT2. The CsdMTase genes can be classified into CsROS, CsDME and CsDML. Based on conserved domain analysis of these genes, the gene loss and duplication events occurred during the evolution of CsC5-MTase and CsdMTase. Furthermore, multiple cis-acting elements were observed in the CsC5-MTase and CsdMTase, including light responsiveness, phytohormone responsiveness, stress responsiveness, and plant growth and development-related elements. Then, we investigated the transcript abundance of CsC5-MTase and CsdMTase under abiotic stress (cold and drought) and withering processing (white tea and oolong tea). Notably, most CsC5-MTases, except for CsCMT1 and CsCMT2, were significantly downregulated under abiotic stress, while the transcript abundance of all four CsdMTase genes was significantly induced. Similarly, the same transcript abundance of CsC5-MTase and CsdMTase was found during withering processing of white tea and oolong tea, respectively. In total, our findings will provide a basis for the roles of CsC5-MTase and CsdMTase in response to abiotic stress and the potential functions of these two gene families in affecting tea flavor during tea withering processing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide investigation and transcriptional analysis of cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferase and DNA demethylase gene families in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) under abiotic stress and withering processing

Zhu

Zhang

Zhou

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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“…Total catechins in 'A-1' were significantly higher than 'WNZ' but significantly lower than 'ZJ' (Tables 3 and 4). The biosynthesis of anthocyanins shares a common phenylpropanoid pathway with catechins (Liu et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019), in which there may be a substrate competition between anthocyanins biosynthesis and catechins biosynthesis (Liu et al, 2019). It is considered that the high accumulation of anthocyanins in 'B-2' might be partially at the expense of catechins because of the substrate competition in the phenylpropanoid pathway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening tea hybrid with abundant anthocyanins and investigating the effect of tea processing on foliar anthocyanins in tea

Zhang²,

Sheng

et al. 2020

Folia Horticulturae

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Anthocyanins are important bioactive supplements that are consumed from multiple foods and beverage products. Screening tea cultivars producing a high level of anthocyanins can help to enrich the edible bioactive supplements. ‘Zijuan’ (ZJ) is a tea cultivar growing purple shoots rich in anthocyanins, but it is susceptible to freezing winter and sprouts late in spring. Hybridisation using ‘ZJ’ as the female parent and an early sprouting cultivar ‘Wuniuzao’ as the male parent was carried out, and four hybrids with purple leaves were obtained. The quality of anthocyanins, catechins, caffeine and amino acids in shoots with three leaves and a bud of the purple leaf hybrids obtained were determined based on the field investigation on sprouting time in spring, winter resistance and leaf yield. It showed that hybrid ‘B-2’ sprouted earlier in the spring, contained a higher level of anthocyanins and also showed good performance in winter resistance than its female parent ‘ZJ’. It also showed that black tea processing induced a marked decrease in foliar anthocyanins, but green tea processing had little effect on the foliar anthocyanins. Purple tea leaves should be prepared into unfermented green tea instead of fermented black tea to preserve the high level of anthocyanins in the final tea products.

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“…However, several genes encoding Tau (U) class GSTs, such as Bz2 in Zea mays [33] and VviGST1 in Vitis vinifera [34], are also associated with anthocyanins. More recently, CsGSTb and CsGSTc from Camellia sinensis [15] were confirmed as Tau clade GST genes related to anthocyanin transport. Our phylogenetic analysis (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…However, the mechanisms underlying the involvement of GSTs in anthocyanin transport remain unknown because GSH-conjugated anthocyanins have not been clearly confirmed in most cases. The Phi clade GSTs, such as AN9 (petunia) [28], AcGST1 (kiwifruit) [14], and CsGSTa (tea) [15], reportedly bind to several flavonoids. Thus, these GSTs may function as cytoplasmic flavonoid carrier proteins to transfer anthocyanins from the ER to the tonoplast.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unless mutant lines are available, confirming gene functions is difficult and the transport of anthocyanin pigments to vacuoles has been examined mainly in in vitro uptake assays with artificial membrane vesicles. Some studies involving the genetic complementation of the Arabidopsis tt19 mutant line revealed potential functions of GSTs [13][14][15][16], but it remains unclear whether the GSTs are indeed functional in the original plant species. Virus-induced gene silencing is also useful for analyzing gene functions, but it is often difficult to apply this system to horticultural crops and a family of highly homologous genes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular characterization of an anthocyanin-related glutathione S-transferase gene in Japanese gentian with the CRISPR/Cas9 system

et al. 2020

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Background: The blue pigmentation of Japanese gentian flowers is due to a polyacylated anthocyanin, gentiodelphin, and all associated biosynthesis genes and several regulatory genes have been cloned and characterized. However, the final step involving the accumulation of anthocyanins in petal vacuoles remains unclear. We cloned and analyzed the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in Japanese gentian that are known to be involved in anthocyanin transport in other plant species. Results: We cloned GST1, which is expressed in gentian flower petals. Additionally, this gene belongs to the Phitype GST clade related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. We used the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing system to generate loss-of-function GST1 alleles. The edited alleles were confirmed by Sanger and next-generation sequencing analyses. The GST1 genome-edited lines exhibited two types of mutant flower phenotypes, severe (almost white) and mild (pale blue). The phenotypes were associated with decreased anthocyanin accumulation in flower petals. In the GST1 genome-edited lines, sugar-induced stress conditions inhibited the accumulation of anthocyanins in stems and leaves, suggestvhing that GST1 is necessary for stress-related anthocyanin accumulation in organs other than flowers. These observations clearly demonstrate that GST1 is the gene responsible for anthocyanin transport in Japanese gentian, and is necessary for the accumulation of gentiodelphin in flowers. Conclusions: In this study, an anthocyanin-related GST gene in Japanese gentian was functionally characterized. Unlike other biosynthesis genes, the functions of GST genes are difficult to examine in in vitro studies. Thus, the genome-editing strategy described herein may be useful for in vivo investigations of the roles of transport-related genes in gentian plants.

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Three Camellia sinensis glutathione S-transferases are involved in the storage of anthocyanins, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins

Cited by 33 publications

References 42 publications

Genome-wide investigation and transcriptional analysis of cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferase and DNA demethylase gene families in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) under abiotic stress and withering processing

Genome-wide investigation and transcriptional analysis of cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferase and DNA demethylase gene families in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) under abiotic stress and withering processing

Screening tea hybrid with abundant anthocyanins and investigating the effect of tea processing on foliar anthocyanins in tea

Molecular characterization of an anthocyanin-related glutathione S-transferase gene in Japanese gentian with the CRISPR/Cas9 system

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