Thoracic kidney: a case Report

Abstract

Intrathoracic kidney is rarest type of renal ectopia, which is usually found in males and at left side. Here kidney is situated within the thoracic cavity, not in the pleural space.It occurs due to accelerated ascent of the kidney or delayed closure or maldevelopment of the pleuroperitoneal membrane during intrauterine development of embryo.Intravenous Urography (IVU), ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are performed to confirm the diagnosis. Fortunately patients with this anomaly are generally asymptomatic. A case of 73 year woman is presented here having right thoracic kidney. Patient was having neither symptoms related to renal pathology nor abnormal renal function tests. Slides of Computed tomography study are presented here, which confirmed the diagnosis, with review of literature about intrathoracic kidney.

A review on application of biomaterials for medical and dental implants

“…An important aspect of the mechanical behaviour of transformation toughened ZrO 2 -containing ceramics is their phenomenon wherein crack resistance increases with increasing crack propagation. 77…”

“…Ce-TZP/Al 2 O 3 (cerium stabilised TZP) nanocomposite has introduced to compensate for the material and exhibits high mechanical properties but there are any publish data to support the same. 77,78…”

“…An important aspect of the mechanical behaviour of transformation toughened ZrO 2 -containing ceramics is their phenomenon wherein crack resistance increases with increasing crack propagation. 77 Due to changes in atomic arrangement, pure zirconia shows a phenomena known as 'allotropy', which results in distinct crystallographic phases. These phases include the monoclinic (M), which is a distorted prism with parallel sides; the tetragonal (T), which is a straight rectangle prism; and the cubic (C), which is a square side straight prism.…”

“…Ce-TZP/Al 2 O 3 (cerium stabilised TZP) nanocomposite has introduced to compensate for the material and exhibits high mechanical properties but there are any publish data to support the same. 77,78 The long-term goal of alumina-based ceramics densification is to incorporate zirconia into the alumina during the sintering process. The sintering process enhances the densification process by introducing flaws into the additive.…”