Thirty Years of VLBI: Early Days, Successes, and Future

Moran, J. M.

doi:10.1017/s0252921100044353

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 45 publications

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“…Surveys with new observing instruments or techniques are extremely valuable. The first successful Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) experiments have been conducted at the end of the 1960's (see [29] for a review). The angular resolution provided by VLBI was 3-4 orders of magnitude better than available with any other technique.…”

Section: Early Vlbi Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

VLBI surveys

Frey¹

2007

Proceedings of 8th European VLBI Network Symposium — PoS(8thEVN)

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Systematic surveys of astronomical objects often lead to discoveries, but always provide invaluable information for statistical studies of well-defined samples. They also promote follow-up investigations of individual objects or classes. Surveys using a yet unexplored observing wavelength, a novel technique or a new instrument are of special importance. Significantly improved observing parameters (e.g. sensitivity, angular resolution, monitoring capability) provide new insight into the morphological and physical properties of the objects studied. I give a brief overview of the important Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) imaging surveys conducted in the past. A list of surveys guides us through the developments up until the present days. I also attempt to show directions for the near future.

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Section: Early Vlbi Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

VLBI surveys

Frey¹

2007

Proceedings of 8th European VLBI Network Symposium — PoS(8thEVN)

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Introduction and Historical Review

Thompson

Moran

Swenson

2001

Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy

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Introduction and historical review P. W. RossNocard and Mollereau (1 887) were the first to describe the isolation of streptococci from bovine mastitis and these organisms were likely to have been the group-B streptococci (GBS). Many years elapsed, however, before these streptococci featured again in the literature. In 1933, Rebecca Lancefield divided streptococci into groups on the basis of carbohydrate antigens in the cell wall; her classification scheme was based on precipitation reactions of hot-hydrochloric-acid extracts of whole organisms (Lancefield extracts) with antisera raised in rabbits against whole-cell formalinised streptococci. These classical studies clarified the taxonomy of streptococci to a considerable degree because the cultural and biochemical patterns that had been used before 1933 had added little to streptococcal identification.The streptococci that Lancefield described as group B were isolated from bovine and dairy sources. In 1934 she divided GBS into types I, I1 and I11 and in 1938 subdivided type I into Ia and Ib. All the antigens were polysaccharides. Pattison, Matthews and Maxted (1955) added to the serological profile of GBS by describing two protein antigens, R and X. They also stated that GBS from human and bovine sources were not similar and this was corroborated by Butter and de Moor (1967). Wilkinson (1975) discovered a third protein antigen and called it Icp. It is generally referred to as the Ic protein and is usually found in strains with the Ia or Ib polysaccharide. Strains possessing the Ia and Ic antigens are said to belong to type Ic. The Icp antigen may be found in strains with the I1 or the I11 polysaccharide or without a detectable polysaccharide antigen. With serological tests that identify carbohydrate and protein antigens, many combinations of antigens are found-Ia, Ib, Ic, Icp, 11,

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VLBI and the Very Long Baseline Array

2020

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Beginning in the 1950s radio interferometers and arrays of antennas were connected by cable, waveguide, or radio links separated by up to a hundred kilometers or more. Starting in 1967, radio astronomers in the US and Canada began to experiment with independent local oscillators and broad band tape recorders to record data collected by widely separated antennas, a technique which came to be known as Very Long Baseline Interferometry or VLBI. Using radio telescopes spread throughout the United States, Australia, and Europe, VLBI baselines were increased to thousands of kilometers, and ultimately to space, with baselines ranging out to hundreds of thousands of kilometers.

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Thirty Years of VLBI: Early Days, Successes, and Future

Cited by 6 publications

References 45 publications

VLBI surveys

VLBI surveys

Introduction and Historical Review

VLBI and the Very Long Baseline Array

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