Thirty-Eight Years of Training Distribution in Olympic Speed Skaters

Orie, Jac; Hofman, Nico; Koning, Jos J. de; Foster, Carl

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0427

Cited by 37 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Recent studies have suggested that this could be related to the different pacing profiles (less explosive and more stretched out start) for speed skating compared with cycling, a sport where maintaining technique and body posture is not so much of an issue as it is in speed skating [45,46]. Furthermore, the lack of a significant progression of training hours across time, despite better training facilities nowadays, could be related to the reduced blood flow [47]. Training in the crouched skating position might be of such high intensity that only a limited training volume can be tolerated [47].…”

Section: The Biomechanics Of the Speed Skating Techniquementioning

confidence: 89%

“…Furthermore, the lack of a significant progression of training hours across time, despite better training facilities nowadays, could be related to the reduced blood flow [47]. Training in the crouched skating position might be of such high intensity that only a limited training volume can be tolerated [47]. The effects of the reduced blood flow also seemed related to the increased push-off angle during a 5,000 m skating race [36].…”

Section: The Biomechanics Of the Speed Skating Techniquementioning

confidence: 95%

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Performance Characteristics of Long-Track Speed Skaters: A Literature Review

et al. 2014

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Speed skating is an intriguing sport to study from different perspectives due to the peculiar way of motion and the multiple determinants for performance. This review aimed to identify what is known on (long-track) speed skating, and which individual characteristics determine speed skating performance. A total of 49 studies were included. Based on a multidimensional performance model, person-related performance characteristics were categorized in anthropometrical, technical, physiological, tactical, and psychological characteristics. Literature was found on anthropometry, technique, physiology, and tactics. However, psychological studies were clearly under-represented. In particular, the role of self-regulation might deserve more attention to further understand mechanisms relevant for optimal performance and for instance pacing. Another remarkable finding was that the technically/biomechanically favourable crouched skating technique (i.e. small knee and trunk angle) leads to a physiological disadvantage: a smaller knee angle may increase the deoxygenation of the working muscles. This is an important underlying aspect for the pacing tactics in speed skating. Elite speed skaters need to find the optimal balance between obtaining a fast start and preventing negative technical adaptations later on in the race by distributing their available energy over the race in an optimal way. More research is required to gain more insight into how this impacts on the processes of fatigue and coordination during speed skating races. This can lead to a better understanding on how elite speed skaters can maintain the optimal technical characteristics throughout the entire race, and how they can adapt their pacing to optimize all identified aspects that determine performance.

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Section: The Biomechanics Of the Speed Skating Techniquementioning

confidence: 89%

Section: The Biomechanics Of the Speed Skating Techniquementioning

confidence: 95%

Performance Characteristics of Long-Track Speed Skaters: A Literature Review

et al. 2014

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“…In particular, the integration of elements already considered as part of the internal training load into single constructs seem likely to be of importance. For example, we know that the total training load, [4][5][6]53 the training intensity distribution pattern 23,24,37 and the day-to-day variation in training load (eg, monotony) 37,57,58 are independently related to performance. Is there a method of integrating these factors into a single variable that is capable of predicting the response (both good and bad) to training?…”

Section: The Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32 Because of its simplicity, sRPE (which was anticipated by Gastin contemporaneously with first publication of sRPE 31 and used to plan and periodize the training of Australian Football players) has become widely used. [33][34][35][36][37] Because of the simplicity of sRPE, it has been possible to use it to analyze the data derived to examine the relationship between training load and performance 5 and to demonstrate that derived variables such as monotony and strain contribute to maladaptive responses to training. 38 There has been interest for many years in whether responses during submaximal exercise could serve as surrogate markers of how Figure 4 -Schematic of running speed versus heart rate (HR) and blood lactate.…”

Section: The Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Training Loads: The Past, the Present, and the Future

Foster

Rodríguez-Marroyo

Koning³

2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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198

152

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Training monitoring is about keeping track of what athletes accomplish in training, for the purpose of improving the interaction between coach and athlete. Over history there have been several basic schemes of training monitoring. In the earliest days training monitoring was about observing the athlete during standard workouts. However, difficulty in standardizing the conditions of training made this process unreliable. With the advent of interval training, monitoring became more systematic. However, imprecision in the measurement of heart rate (HR) evolved interval training toward index workouts, where the main monitored parameter was average time required to complete index workouts. These measures of training load focused on the external training load, what the athlete could actually do. With the advent of interest from the scientific community, the development of the concept of metabolic thresholds and the possibility of trackside measurement of HR, lactate, VO 2 , and power output, there was greater interest in the internal training load, allowing better titration of training loads in athletes of differing ability. These methods show much promise but often require laboratory testing for calibration and tend to produce too much information, in too slow a time frame, to be optimally useful to coaches. The advent of the TRIMP concept by Banister suggested a strategy to combine intensity and duration elements of training into a single index concept, training load. Although the original TRIMP concept was mathematically complex, the development of the session RPE and similar low-tech methods has demonstrated a way to evaluate training load, along with derived variables, in a simple, responsive way. Recently, there has been interest in using wearable sensors to provide high-resolution data of the external training load. These methods are promising, but problems relative to information overload and turnaround time to coaches remain to be solved. Watching athletes perform well, set personal records or win competitions, are great pleasures for sports scientists. To think that the information that you have collected on the athlete, or synthesized from the literature, has helped the athlete achieve optimal performance is "as good as it gets" for support staff. Conversely, watching a poor performance inspires analysis of what went wrong, with preparation, tactics, or execution of the competitive plan. This provides the basis for the questions that drive sport-science research. Because so much of the preparation of athletes is related to the structure and details of the training program, there is a natural emphasis on how training influences performance. This interest goes into history, to Milo of Crotona, the Italian farm boy who lifted a growing bullock daily until he became the strongest man in the world and legend of the ancient Olympics. This story provides the historical grounding for the quest to understand the training response, most uniquely characterized by the concept of progression of the training load, and to...

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“…The retrospective study of speed skating training characteristics by Orie et al 11 adds to a growing body of research attempting to better quantify the relationship between training characteristics of highly trained athletes on the one hand and physiological adaptation and performance on the other. A key development in recent years has been improved documentation of the daily training of elite performers.…”

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confidence: 99%