Discussions about what constitutes a quality early childhood (EC) environment rarely focus on visual or spatial aspects, except to provide background information for talking about EC practice and children's development in the preschool years. There is a need to look beyond the usual quality indicators, which tend to focus on poverty and children's developmental potential so that context and cultural dimensions are often omitted in the discussion. This article thus explores the contribution of visual ethnography for thinking more about, or rethinking, some of the prevailing notions of quality in early childhood education (ECE). To do so, culture is seen as central to the discussion. This includes the organisation of space and the use of materials in EC settings. The idea in this article is to present images that stand in contrast to some of the current globalising discourse about what is good for the world's children. In so doing, the authors thread together seemingly disparate ideas stemming from the centrality of culture and space theory, to the organisation of space, to the use of materials and to transitions in ECE.
Common Images of Minority-World Early Childhood SettingsIt is rare to hear mention of the visual or spatial in quality considerations of early childhood (EC) settings, except to provide contextual information for talking about EC practice and children's development in the preschool years. Discussions about quality, especially in the North American context, often refer to such matters as child-adult ratios, the amount of space in and out of doors, and the availability of age-appropriate materials (Harms et al, 2005). A common image of a minority-world EC centre, as presented in foundation early childhood education (ECE) textbooks, is of a single multi-purpose room, stocked with materials that are freely accessible to children and arranged according to themed activity centres, with low tables used mainly for playing with small manipulative items, drawing or eating. Larger materials are used on the floor. An open area is used for whole-group work led by the teacher. The organisation of space is planned to support the assumed educational or care purpose of the programme (Cleghorn & Prochner, 2010). In their review of research on childcare quality, Essa and Burnham (2001, p. 70) conclude: 'More space, more toys and equipment, and a partitioned environment rather than a large open space are indicators of higher quality programs'. Tobin (1995), however, has described inside spaces as frequently exhibiting 'the excesses of the shopping mall', with 'cheap, bright standardized toys crowding a space offering children too many choices between not very well-differentiated goods ' (quoted in Penn, 2011a, p. 132).