“…On the contrary, TGPV offer the advantages of the potential of very low capital and operation cost, ease of processing, the ability to scale up to large area fabrication and the use of flexible substrates. Moreover, TGPV are electrochemical devices that operate and depend on the interactions between stacked layers, and are divided into three subcategories, which are perovskite solar cells (PSC) [6], organic solar cells (OSC) [7], and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) [8]. DSSC (Grätzel cell) which was invented by O'Regan et al, [9] mainly consists of a bottom electrode, most commonly fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), with a titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) electron transport layer (ETL), a dye-sensitizer, a liquid or a solid electrolyte (as a hole transport layer HTL), and a counter electrode (CE), deposited in that order.…”