Third-Generation Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

Abstract

This paper advances crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) theory and practice by introducing a holistic and integrated crime prevention theory called Third-Generation CPTED. We use Third-Generation CPTED to expand both the situational focus of traditional CPTED and the social ecology/neighbourhood focus of Second-Generation CPTED, by creating a new theory that integrates human motivation and aspirations within a neighbourhood Liveability Hierarchy. Central to our theory is the planning concept of liveability and, because safety from crime, fear, and victimization is such an integral part of quality of life, we present two underlying themes on which liveability depends: public health and sustainability. We propose some theoretical assumptions and propositions that underpin the theory and suggest areas for future research. Our contention is that a holistic and integrative Third-Generation CPTED elevates liveability from the role of basic infrastructure and habitat to providing residents with opportunities to enhance their own personal aspirations and improve their quality of life.

Recovering Subsidized Housing Developments in Northern México: The Critical Role of Public Space in Community Building in the Context of a Crime and Violence Crisis

“…While, CPTED was concentrated on the qualities of the environmental conditions, which would propitiate or discourage crimes of opportunity, in its first iteration, its second generation incorporated an emphasis on social and neighborhood ecology. A proposed third iteration of the methodology may be more effective in addressing questions of sustainability and public health [31], which are like those presented in this discussion.…”

Geographical Juxtaposition: A New Direction in CPTED

“…The evolution of CPTED has seen the development of 2nd Generation CPTED (Saville and Cleveland 1998;Saville and Cleveland 2008) and 3rd Generation CPTED (UNICRI 2011; Mihinjac and Saville 2019). Both seek to improve CPTED as a theory by going back to its foundations in Jacobs (1961); Jeffery (1971) and Newman (1972) to re-inspect and re-define CPTED.…”

Do access control features reduce perceived risk of property victimisation? Insights from residential neighbourhoods in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana

“…These social attributes include the levels of social interactions and heterogeneity within the neighbourhoods. Thus, the role of the social environment according to some scholars is equally important since it promotes engagement among residents and enhances commitment to the neighbourhood (Mihinjac and Saville 2019;Saville 2017).…”

“…According to Saville and Cleveland (2003), the purpose of the second-generation CPTED is to add a social dimension to physical approaches to crime prevention. In other words, the second-generation CPTED seeks to enhance a sense of community among homeowners in residential properties and integrate design features that bring people within residential neighbourhoods together and facilitate social cohesion (Mihinjac and Saville, 2019). Similar to views shared by Merry (1981), proponents of the second-generation CPTED think that social attitudes matter a great deal in crime prevention and the reduction of fear of crime, and as such, residential designs should enhance social cohesion.…”