Third Generation Biofuel from Algae

Abstract

The use of liquid fossil fuel as an energy source has long been considered unsustainable and most importantly the liquid fossil fuel will be diminished by the middle of this century. In addition, the fossil fuel is directly related to environmental degradation and greenhouse emission. Biofuel produced from plants, animals or algae products can offer an alternative to reduce our dependency on fossil fuel and assist to maintain healthy global environment. Micro-algae is becoming popular candidate for biofuel production due to their high lipid contents, ease of cultivation and rapid growth rate. This paper reviews the current stateof-the-art of biofuel from algae as a renewable energy source.

Striving towards the Deployment of Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): A Review of Research Priorities and Assessment Needs

“…New opportunities for the capture of biogenic CO 2 could arise from non-traditional biomass processes [36,[92][93][94], as BECCS are closely related to biological sequestration, as a feedstock to derive algal biomass [29]. However, literature indicates that the use of micro-algal biomass for cost-efficient BECCS will continue to be limited in the short to medium term, as, in order to provide a competitive cost, it still requires technological breakthroughs, such as maximization of algal lipid content and growth rate [19].…”

“…The conversion methods for deploying micro-algae biomass could be divided into the two basic categories of thermochemical and biochemical conversion. Both thermochemical liquefaction and pyrolysis are considered the most technically feasible processes for conversion of algal biomass to biofuels, after the extraction of oils from algae [75,93,94]. Cost reduction of both small-scale and large-scale systems should be the predominant target of micro-algae production.…”

“…Cost reduction of both small-scale and large-scale systems should be the predominant target of micro-algae production. This could be managed, for instance, by utilizing cost-effective CO 2 sources for culture enrichment, using nutrient-rich wastewaters or inexpensive fertilizers, deploying cheaper design culture systems with automated process control, and using greenhouses and heated effluents to increase algal yields [93,95].…”

Biodiesel synthesis from nannochloropsis oculata and chlorella vulgaris through transesterification process using NaOH/zeolite heterogeneous catalyst

“…Microalgae are currently seen as an ideal feedstock for third generation biofuel mainly due to its high growth rate, ability to thrive in non-arable land or saline water, and high lipid productivity [1]. The lipid produced, especially triglycerides, can be utilized as a raw material for biodiesel production.…”

“…Previous researches suggest that the amount of heterogeneous catalyst loading that is used can significantly affect the yield of the biodiesel produced [6,7,8,9]. Biodiesel production 1 To whom any correspondence should be addressed. from microalgae has been researched for years, but this research aims to provide a basic insight on the potential developments of microalgae in Depok, Indonesia, from which the microalgae were obtained to be cultivated in the Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia.…”