THIRD bedside ultrasound protocol for rapid diagnosis of undifferentiated shock: a prospective observational study

Abstract

Introduction: It is clinically challenging to differentiate the pathophysiological types of shock in emergency situations. Here, we evaluated the ability of a novel bedside ultrasound protocol (Tamponade/ tension pneumothorax, Heart, Inferior vena cava, Respiratory system, Deep venous thrombosis/aorta dissection [THIRD]) to predict types of shock in the emergency department.Methods: An emergency physician performed the THIRD protocol on all patients with shock who were admitted to the emergency department. All patients were closely followed to determine their final clinical diagnoses. The kappa index, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for the initial diagnostic impression provided by the THIRD protocol, compared with each patient's final diagnosis. Results:In total, 112 patients were enrolled in this study. The kappa index between initial impression and final diagnosis was 0.81 (95% confidence interval=0.73-0.89; P<0.001). For hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive types of shock, the sensitivities of the THIRD protocol were 100%, 100%, 93%, and 100%, respectively; the sensitivity for a 'mixed' shock aetiology was 86%. The negative predictive value of the THIRD protocol for all five types of shock was ≥96%. Conclusion:Initial diagnostic judgements determined using the THIRD protocol showed

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“…Важностью частью диагностики многих острых состояний, включая шок, является анализ состояния нижней полой вены. УЗИ позволяет провести оценку диаметра нижней полой вены, и потому исследование области данного сосуда входит в несколько протоколов для неотложной помощи, в частности при гипотензии и шоке неясного генеза [46][47][48].…”