Thioredoxin as a biomarker for oxidative stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Redox-based regulation of signal transduction: Principles, pitfalls, and promises

“…Intriguingly, following certain stimuli, Trx1 can also be translocated to the nucleus [90], or to the extracellular compartment following leaderless export [91]. Circulating levels of Trx were reported to be increased in patients with heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, acute lung injury, or HIV infection, and showed various associations with severity of disease [92][93][94][95]. Extracellular Trx can act as a unique chemoattractant for neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells [96].…”

Responses of thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin-related protein 14 mRNAs to cadmium and copper stresses in Venerupis philippinarum

“…Trxs have been found to possess a variety of biological functions, such as scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Das and Das, 2000), regeneration of oxidative-damage proteins (Fernando et al, 1992), regulation of gene expression, and controlling apoptosis as regulation of NF-κB transcription factor (Saitoh et al, 1998). Molecular studies have demonstrated that both Trx1 and Trx2 protect organisms against oxidative stress, and Trx1 is inducible in response to oxidative stress (Chen et al, 2002;Jikimoto et al, 2002). Recently, proteins containing the Trx-like active sites have also been identified in various species and classified as new members of the Trx superfamily (Matsuo et al, 2002;Comparative Biochemistry andPhysiology, Part C 154 (2011) 154-160 Nakamura, 2005;Carvalho et al, 2006).…”

Nutrient supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and biochemical effects

“…Micronutrient supplementation also has been propagated for its potential benefit in RA, based on the low antioxidant status in RA patients as compared to healthy controls, the role of chronic oxidative stress in functional hyporesponsiveness of synovial T lymphocytes and the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cartilage degradation, inflammation and cell signaling (Lunec et al, 1981;Burkhardt et al, 1986;Jikimoto et al, 2002;Taysi et al, 2002). Additionally, dietary intake of several micronutrients has been reported to be inadequate in RA patients (Stone et al, 1997).…”