Thioredoxin-1: A Promising Target for the Treatment of Allergic Diseases

Abstract

Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) is an important regulator of cellular redox homeostasis that comprises a redox-active dithiol. Trx1 is induced in response to various stress conditions, such as oxidative damage, infection or inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, irradiation, and chemical exposure. It has shown excellent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in the treatment of various human inflammatory disorders in animal models. This review focused on the protective roles and mechanisms of Trx1 in allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma, contact dermatitis, food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and drug allergies. Trx1 plays an important role in allergic diseases through processes, such as antioxidation, inhibiting macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), regulating Th1/Th2 immune balance, modulating allergic inflammatory cells, and suppressing complement activation. The regulatory mechanism of Trx1 differs from that of glucocorticoids that regulates the inflammatory reactions associated with immune response suppression. Furthermore, Trx1 exerts a beneficial effect on glucocorticoid resistance of allergic inflammation by inhibiting the production and internalization of MIF. Our results suggest that Trx1 has the potential for future success in translational research.

Thioredoxin (Trx): A redox target and modulator of cellular senescence and aging-related diseases

“…The C32S/C35A mutation is prevalent in various diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders, as well as immune system dysfunctions [ 210 , 243 , 250 , 251 ]. This C32S/C35A mutation leads to a reduction in the expression of genes involved in insulin secretion, glucose uptake, metabolic regulation, immune activation, differentiation, and regulation [ 252 , 253 ].…”

“…Besides the four most common and concerned age-related diseases mentioned above, Trx-mediated redox regulation plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of immune system disorders and musculoskeletal diseases. These diseases are usually characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress, and their pathogenic mechanisms are extensively linked to Trx, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), allergic diseases, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and other diseases [ [336] , [337] , [338] , [339] ]. These diseases are especially relevant in the context of aging, and have a significant impact on the elderly.…”

Modulation of the Immune Response to Allergies Using Alternative Functional Foods

“…The findings of the study suggested that quercetin may have a therapeutic effect on AR by influencing the behaviour of HNEpC cells [ 62 ]. Thioredoxin (TRX) is a protein known for regulating oxidative metabolism and neutralizing reactive oxygen species, which play a role in suppressing allergic inflammation [ 63 ]. A study determined quercetin’s impact on AR symptoms and TRX production in nasal cells both in vitro and in vivo.…”

Thioredoxin-1 Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis Through Regulating AMPK/Sirt1/PGC1α Pathway in Alzheimer's Disease

“…Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1), a multifunctional redox protein, can directly eliminate ROS and maintain the redox balance in mammalian cells ( Zeng et al, 2018 ). Various stress conditions could upregulate the expression of Trx-1 ( Jia et al, 2014 , 2016 ; Wang et al, 2022b ; Zeng et al, 2020 ). Accumulating researches have demonstrated that Trx-1 has neuroprotective effects in common neurodegenerative diseases, including AD ( Jia et al, 2022a ).…”