“…In particular, evanescent-wave biosensors have achieved great progress for NA analyses (Carrascosa et al, 2016). They have been benefited from improvements in biosensor fabrication and production quality (Fernández Gavela et al, 2016; Soler et al, 2019), the availability of new surface chemistry methods (Escorihuela et al, 2015; Escorihuela and Zuilhof, 2017; Bañuls et al, 2019), the availability of highly efficient probes for NA detection (Shi et al, 2015; Nafa et al, 2016; Aviñó et al, 2019a), and new approaches for the enhancement of the detected signal (Guo et al, 2015). Also, the biosensor integration with microfluidics permits the incorporation of different modules, including fluidic transportation, sorting, mixing or separation methods for liquid samples, and the automation of the complete analysis, which pave the way for the full development of the so-called lab-on-a-chip (LoC) platforms (Jung et al, 2015; Szydzik et al, 2015, 2017).…”