“…For instance, the authors in [11] used phosphatization and acidification to create an Ni 2 P-Fe 2 P/NF electrocatalyst with a 2D nanosheet structure. Similarly, the results in [39] demonstrated that the Ni 2 P-Fe 2 P/NF catalyst with a two-dimensional nanosheet structure, prepared using acidification and phosphating methods, exhibited excellent intrinsic activity (Figure 4a).…”
Section: Structure Of Bimetal Phosphide Phasesmentioning
confidence: 55%
“…Phosphides are the products created when phosphorus is combined with any d-(such as nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), and iron (Fe)) or f-metal. TMPs are resistant metallic substances with acidic as well as metallic sites [39,40]. The metal phosphides react quickly with water and moisture in the air or stored grain to form phosphine gas.…”
Section: Structure: Fundamental Conceptsmentioning
Large-scale hydrogen (H2) production is an essential gear in the future bioeconomy. Hydrogen production through electrocatalytic seawater splitting is a crucial technique and has gained considerable attention. The direct seawater electrolysis technique has been designed to use seawater in place of highly purified water, which is essential for electrolysis, since seawater is widely available. This paper offers a structured approach by briefly describing the chemical processes, such as competitive chloride evolution, anodic oxygen evolution, and cathodic hydrogen evolution, that govern seawater electrocatalytic reactions. In this review, advanced technologies in transition metal phosphide-based seawater electrolysis catalysts are briefly discussed, including transition metal doping with phosphorus, the nanosheet structure of phosphides, and structural engineering approaches. Application progress, catalytic process efficiency, opportunities, and problems related to transition metal phosphides are also highlighted in detail. Collectively, this review is a comprehensive summary of the topic, focusing on the challenges and opportunities.
“…For instance, the authors in [11] used phosphatization and acidification to create an Ni 2 P-Fe 2 P/NF electrocatalyst with a 2D nanosheet structure. Similarly, the results in [39] demonstrated that the Ni 2 P-Fe 2 P/NF catalyst with a two-dimensional nanosheet structure, prepared using acidification and phosphating methods, exhibited excellent intrinsic activity (Figure 4a).…”
Section: Structure Of Bimetal Phosphide Phasesmentioning
confidence: 55%
“…Phosphides are the products created when phosphorus is combined with any d-(such as nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), and iron (Fe)) or f-metal. TMPs are resistant metallic substances with acidic as well as metallic sites [39,40]. The metal phosphides react quickly with water and moisture in the air or stored grain to form phosphine gas.…”
Section: Structure: Fundamental Conceptsmentioning
Large-scale hydrogen (H2) production is an essential gear in the future bioeconomy. Hydrogen production through electrocatalytic seawater splitting is a crucial technique and has gained considerable attention. The direct seawater electrolysis technique has been designed to use seawater in place of highly purified water, which is essential for electrolysis, since seawater is widely available. This paper offers a structured approach by briefly describing the chemical processes, such as competitive chloride evolution, anodic oxygen evolution, and cathodic hydrogen evolution, that govern seawater electrocatalytic reactions. In this review, advanced technologies in transition metal phosphide-based seawater electrolysis catalysts are briefly discussed, including transition metal doping with phosphorus, the nanosheet structure of phosphides, and structural engineering approaches. Application progress, catalytic process efficiency, opportunities, and problems related to transition metal phosphides are also highlighted in detail. Collectively, this review is a comprehensive summary of the topic, focusing on the challenges and opportunities.
“…[32] After phosphating CoNi-MOF, the main XRD peaks of the CoNiP x @P,N-C can be assigned to Co 2 P (PDF#54-0413) and Ni 2 P (PDF#03-0953) (Figure 2a). [18,33] For the phosphating product CoNiFeP x @P,N-C of CoNi-MOF-Fe, in addition to the Co 2 P and Ni 2 P, the diffraction peaks of Fe 2 P (PDF#88-1803) are also detected. [33,34] It can be seen that the addition of iron atoms can induce their nucleation and derivation of new Fe 2 P phases from the separated binary metal phosphide phases (Ni 2 P and Co 2 P), which may provide more abundant types and numbers of active sites.…”
Transition metal phosphides with metallic properties are a promising candidate for electrocatalytic water oxidation, and developing highly active and stable metal phosphide‐based oxygen evolution reaction catalysts is still challenging. Herein, we present a facile ion exchange and phosphating processes to transform intestine‐like CoNiPx@P,N‐C into lotus pod‐like CoNiFePx@P,N‐C heterostructure in which numerous P,N‐codoped carbon‐coated CoNiFePx nanoparticles tightly anchors on the 2D carbon matrix. Meanwhile, the as‐prepared CoNiFePx@P,N‐C enables a core‐shell structure, high specific surface area, and hierarchical pore structure, which present abundant heterointerfaces and fully exposed active sites. Notably, the incorporation of Fe can also induce electron transfer in CoNiPx@P,N‐C, thereby promoting the oxygen evolution reaction. Consequently, CoNiFePx@P,N‐C delivers a low overpotential of 278 mV (vs RHE) at a current density of 10 mA cm−1 and inherits excellent long‐term stability with no observable current density decay after 30 h of chronoamperometry test. This work not only highlights heteroatom induction to tune the electronic structure but also provides a facile approach for developing advanced and stable oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts with abundant heterointerfaces.
“…Phosphorous can adopt any oxidation state between 0 and 3, resulting in a plethora of structural configurations. The TMPs are refractory metallic compounds exhibiting both metallic and acidic sites [44,45] due to the alloying of TM with P atoms (Figure 3); their classification can be found in Table 1, whereas their physical properties are shown in Table 2. Thorough review articles on the structure of TMPs can be found in the literature [46][47][48][49][50][51][52].…”
Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction is a route with much to offer in the conversion and upgrading of bio-oils into fuels; the latter can potentially replace fossil fuels. The catalyst’s design and the feedstock play a critical role in the process metrics (activity, selectivity). Among the different classes of catalysts for the HDO reaction, the transition metal phosphides (TMP), e.g., binary (Ni2P, CoP, WP, MoP) and ternary Fe-Co-P, Fe-Ru-P, are chosen to be discussed in the present review article due to their chameleon type of structural and electronic features giving them superiority compared to the pure metals, apart from their cost advantage. Their active catalytic sites for the HDO reaction are discussed, while particular aspects of their structural, morphological, electronic, and bonding features are presented along with the corresponding characterization technique/tool. The HDO reaction is critically discussed for representative compounds on the TMP surfaces; model compounds from the lignin-derivatives, cellulose derivatives, and fatty acids, such as phenols and furans, are presented, and their reaction mechanisms are explained in terms of TMPs structure, stoichiometry, and reaction conditions. The deactivation of the TMP’s catalysts under HDO conditions is discussed. Insights of the HDO reaction from computational aspects over the TMPs are also presented. Future challenges and directions are proposed to understand the TMP-probe molecule interaction under HDO process conditions and advance the process to a mature level.
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