Thinking Level in Education: A Complete Revision of Anderson’s Taxonomy

Abstract

The study aimed to revise Anderson’s taxonomy and implement the new taxonomy in learning. The study used the descriptive method and there were 6 types of instruments used according to new taxonomy. The results showed that students’ knowledge scores were still in a very low category at the Natural science, Environment, and Social Science at School and University levels. This study concluded that a new taxonomy had been developed and its implementation indicated that students’ knowledge score was still very low.

HOTSCC-Ichsan: HOTS of Climate Change with Ichsan’s Taxonomy for Elementary Teacher Candidates

“…The instrument prepared was the Higher Order Thinking Skills of Climate Change based on Ichsan's Taxonomy (HOTSCC-Ichsan). The thinking levels (TL) employed were started from levels 4, 5, and 6 (Ichsan et al, 2021). The description of the instrument specification is presented in Table 1.…”

“…Moreover, aiming to develop a taxonomy that can be used more relevantly, a revision has been conducted on Anderson's taxonomy by changing the thinking skill dimensions. The new taxonomy consists of thinking levels 1 to 6, namely (1) identity (1) identify, (2) compare, (3) implement, (4) criticize problems, (5) solve problems, and (6) develop innovation (Ichsan et al, 2021). The change in the taxonomy is intended to have a more focused measurement of student skills.…”

Using Case-Based Science Scenarios to Analyze Preservice Teachers’ Analytical Thinking Skills

“…Analytical thinking is a high-level thinking skill (Ichsan et al, 2021;Toledo & Dubas, 2016) and is in critical interaction with other thinking skills. Analytical thinking is associated with other thinking skills such as synthetic, systematic, and creative thinking (Amer, 2005).…”

“…The individual can also think analytically and produce new information that he does not already have in this taxonomy (Marzano & Kendall, 2007). It is decided that the analysis phase is in problem-solving and is put hierarchically under the creation immediately in the taxonomy proposed by Ichsan et al (2021).…”

“…Especially, since the second half of the 19 th century, it has been understood that skill is more important than knowledge in business circles (Inkeles, 1969). It is a necessity to raise individuals who can adapt to various jobs of this age and have high-level thinking skills in this century, in which we are experiencing the Industry 4.0 revolution (Ichsan et al, 2021). All the qualities sought in the current era are defined in the skills of the 21 st century.…”