Thinking beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: strategies to further reduce cardiovascular risk

Sharma, Rakesh; Singh, Vibhuti; Reddy, Hanumanth K.

doi:10.2147/vhrm.s5684

Cited by 45 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…It is well established that LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels are atherogenic whereas HDL-cholesterol has protective effects on the development of atherosclerosis [11,12]. Increased LDL and VLDL levels are the major independent risk factor for cardiovascular events whereas low level of HDL and elevated triglycerides (TG) are also recognized as residual risk for cardiovascular diseases [13]. Agents with the ability to decrease LDL/VLDL or total cholesterol levels, increase HDL cholesterol or lower TG have beneficial effects on preventing cardiovascular diseases.…”

Section: Hypolipidemic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Antiinflammatory Activities of Microalgae Spirulina

Deng

Chow

2010

Cardiovascular Therapeutics

367

229

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SUMMARYSpirulina is free-floating filamentous microalgae growing in alkaline water bodies. With its high nutritional value, Spirulina has been consumed as food for centuries in Central Africa. It is now widely used as nutraceutical food supplement worldwide. Recently, great attention and extensive studies have been devoted to evaluate its therapeutic benefits on an array of diseased conditions including hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycerolemia, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and viral infections. The cardiovascular benefits of Spirulina are primarily resulted from its hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory activities. Data from preclinical studies with various animal models consistently demonstrate the hypolipidemic activity of Spirulina. Although differences in study design, sample size, and patient conditions resulting in minor inconsistency in response to Spirulina supplementation, the findings from human clinical trials are largely consistent with the hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina observed in the preclinical studies. However, most of the human clinical trials are suffered with limited sample size and some with poor experimental design. The antioxidant and/or antiinflammatory activities of Spirulina were demonstrated in a large number of preclinical studies. However, a limited number of clinical trials have been carried out so far to confirm such activities in human. Currently, our understanding on the underlying mechanisms for Spirulina's activities, especially the hypolipidemic effect, is limited. Spirulina is generally considered safe for human consumption supported by its long history of use as food source and its favorable safety profile in animal studies. However, rare cases of side-effects in human have been reported. Quality control in the growth and process of Spirulina to avoid contamination is mandatory to guarantee the safety of Spirulina products.

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Section: Hypolipidemic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Antiinflammatory Activities of Microalgae Spirulina

Deng

Chow

2010

Cardiovascular Therapeutics

367

229

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“…All of the study patients received a statin once a day; the choice of statin was entrusted to the investihave also highlighted the significance of residual cardiovascular risk after treatment of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to target levels, which reflects the complex nature of residual cardiovascular risk 3) . Evidence for the cardioprotective nature of -3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a -3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), indicates that -3 fatty acid therapy also shows great promise in the secondary prevention of CAD [4][5][6] .…”

Section: Study Design and Patient Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Add-on Therapy of EPA Reduces Oxidative Stress and Inhibits the Progression of Aortic Stiffness in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Statin Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Study

Takaki

Umemoto

Ono

et al. 2011

JAT

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Aim:We examined the anti-oxidant mechanisms of combined therapy of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus statin on the progression of atherosclerosis. Methods: Patients receiving statin therapy for dyslipidemia and with coronary artery disease (CAD) were assigned randomly in an open-label manner to the EPA (1,800 mg/day) -plus-statin group (n 25; combined-therapy group) or to the statin-only group (n 25), and followed for 48 weeks. At baseline and 48 weeks after enrollment, oxidative stress, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and stiffness parameter -index of the carotid were measured. Results: The lipid profile remained unchanged throughout the study. Although the median value of baPWV increased more in the statin-only group than in the combined-therapy group, this difference was not significant (p 0.29); however, a decrease in baPWV was associated with combined-therapy treatment by multiple regression analysis adjusted for age and mean blood pressure (p 0.04). In addition, the -index of the carotid was lower in the combined-therapy group than in the statin-only group (p 0.02). Furthermore, although the difference in the reduction of the urinary concentration of 8-isoprostane between the two groups did not reach statistical significance, this concentration was significantly lower in the combined-therapy group with higher baseline levels ( ≥ 183 pg/mL · Cr) of urinary 8-isoprostane (p 0.004). Conclusions: EPA may reduce oxidative stress and inhibit the progression of arterial stiffness more efficiently than statin-only therapy in patients with dyslipidemia and CAD. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2011; 18:857-866.

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“…It is a well-known fact that serum HDL, a lipoprotein, transports cholesterol from body tissues to the liver and thus helps in reducing TC levels. (13,14) LDL on the other hand transport cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues causing its deposing here there by contributing atherosclerosis. Serum cholesterol increases till the age of 60-70years irrespective of sex, due to increase in LDL cholesterol.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

To Study Association Between Lipid Profile in Vegetarians and Non - Vegetarians in the Local Population

Patil¹,

Prabhakaran²,

Nazar³

et al. 2015

jemds

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. One hundred and fifty (75 vegetarians and 75 nonvegetarians) healthy individuals, aged 30 -60 years were studied in the central lab of Karuna Medical College. Overnight fasting venous blood samples were collected for estimating. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Serum Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and, Serum lipid profile. RESULTS: The mean age of the study subjects was 38 and 37 of the vegetarians and non-vegetarians respectively with normal serum ALT. The vegetarians subjects had significantly lower mean serum Total Cholesterol (TC) [mean difference (95% CI)] [-0.42 (-0.78, -0.06)] and LDL [-0.45 (-0.75, -0.15)] compared to nonvegetarians. However, triglyceride, HDL, FBS, were identical. In Pearson's correlation, consumption of vegetable diet significantly correlated with serum TC, LDL. CONCLUSION: In our study the vegetarian study have a lower lipid profile status as compared to the non-vegetarian subjects. Therefore consumption of a vegetarian diet has to be encouraged.

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Thinking beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: strategies to further reduce cardiovascular risk

Cited by 45 publications

References 57 publications

Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Antiinflammatory Activities of Microalgae Spirulina

Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Antiinflammatory Activities of Microalgae Spirulina

Add-on Therapy of EPA Reduces Oxidative Stress and Inhibits the Progression of Aortic Stiffness in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Statin Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Study

To Study Association Between Lipid Profile in Vegetarians and Non - Vegetarians in the Local Population

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