Thin-walled carbon nanotubes grown using a zirconium catalyst

Wu, Hung-Chih; Huang, Chun-Jung; Youh, Meng-Jey; Tseng, Chun-Lung; Chen, Hung‐Ting; Li, Yuan-Yao; Sakoda, Akiyoshi

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.051

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In support of this hypothesis is that they have used lanthanum chloride (LaCl 3 ) and zirconium chloride (ZrCl) with no success, while Saito et al found La in the form of La 2 O 3 to be highly active for SWNT growth in an carbon arc discharge environment, 52 and Wu et al found Zr in the form of a Zr plate to produce DWCNTs and triple walled nanotubes in CVD. 57 Other metals that are close in energy to the catalytic window are Sc (À2.86/À2.99 eV), Cr (À3.24/À3.25 eV), Mn (2.86/À3.05 eV), Ru (À3.02/À2.98 eV), Rh (À2.74/À2.72 eV), Ir (À2.96/À3.07 eV) and Pt (À2.58/À2.75 eV). Saito et al have tested the platinumgroup metals (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt) in an arc discharge environment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing the most favorable metal–carbon bond strength for carbon nanotube catalysts

et al. 2015

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing the most favorable metal–carbon bond strength for carbon nanotube catalysts

et al. 2015

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“…Both zirconium and zirconia have been reported as heterogeneous catalysts for CNT growth 8. 15 In this study, reduced Zr metal as the catalyst can be excluded. If the nanoparticle that catalyzed the growth of the CNT was Zr metal, which would subsequently be reoxidized to zirconia by steam upon removal of the cathodic polarization, the large expansion in volume resulting from Zr oxidation to zirconia (≈150 %) would result in mechanical stress, and this would lead to mismatch with or detachment from the CNT.…”

Section: Zirconia Nanoparticle As a Catalyst For Cnt Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotube Growth on Nanozirconia under Strong Cathodic Polarization in Steam and Carbon Dioxide

et al. 2014

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Growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) catalyzed by zirconia nanoparticles was observed in the Ni–yttria doped zirconia (YSZ) composite cathode of a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) at approximately 875 °C during co‐electrolysis of CO2 and H2O to produce CO and H2. CNT was observed to grow under large cathodic polarizations specifically at the first 1 to 2 μm Ni–YSZ active cathode layer next to the YSZ electrolyte. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) shows that the CNTs are multi‐walled with diameters of approximately 20 nm and the catalyst particles have diameters in the range of 5 to 25 nm. The results of HRTEM and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirm that the catalyst particles attached to the CNT are cubic zirconia. Most of the zirconia particles are located at one end of the CNTs, but particles embedded in the walls or inside the CNTs are also observed. Apart from the CNTs, graphitic layers covering zirconia nanoparticles are also widely observed. This work describes nano‐zirconia acting as a catalyst for the growth of CNT during electrochemical conversion of CO2 and H2O in a Ni‐YSZ cermet under strong cathodic polarization. An electrocatalytic mechanism is proposed for the CNT growth in SOECs. These findings provide further understanding not only on the mechanism of the catalytic growth of CNTs, but also on the local electrochemical properties of a highly polarized Ni–YSZ cathode at the micro and nano level.

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“…Zirconium is also a non-toxic, biocompatible material for medical implants [12,13]. Its powder also can be used as explosive primers and catalysis [14]. Zirconium could be a potential source to fabricate high-k gate dielectrics in semiconductor field-effect transistors and a candidate for infrared reflectors [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its powder also can be used as explosive primers and catalysis [14]. Zirconium could be a potential source to fabricate high-k gate dielectrics in semiconductor field-effect transistors and a candidate for infrared reflectors [14,15]. Most of these Zr-contained alloy or compound films are deposited by applying physical vapor depositions (PVD) [4,5,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21], parts are prepared by plasma spray and chemical vapor deposition [10,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Voltage Pulse Width and Synchronized Substrate Bias in High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering of Zirconium Films

Kuo

Lin

Chang³

et al. 2020

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The Zr film microstructure is highly influenced by the energy of the plasma species during the deposition process. The influences of the discharge pulse width, which is the key factor affecting ionization of sputtered species in the high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) process, on the obtained microstructure of films is investigated in this research. The films deposited at different argon pressure and substrate biasing are compared. With keeping the same average HiPIMS power and duty cycle, the film growth rate of the Zr film decreases with increasing argon pressure and enhancing substrate biasing. In addition, the film growth rate decreases with the elongating HiPIMS pulse width. For the deposition at 1.2 Pa argon, extending the pulse width not only intensifies the ion flux toward the substrate but also increases the fraction of highly charged ions, which alter the microstructure of films from individual hexagonal prism columns into a tightly connected irregular column. Increasing film density leads to higher hardness. Sufficient synchronized negative substrate biasing and longer pulse width, which supports higher mobility of adatoms, causes the preferred orientation of hexagonal α-phase Zr films from (0 0 0 2) to (1 0 1¯ 1). Unlike the deposition at 1.2 Pa, highly charged ions are also found during the short HiPIMS pulse width at 0.8 Pa argon.

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Thin-walled carbon nanotubes grown using a zirconium catalyst

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Establishing the most favorable metal–carbon bond strength for carbon nanotube catalysts

Establishing the most favorable metal–carbon bond strength for carbon nanotube catalysts

Carbon Nanotube Growth on Nanozirconia under Strong Cathodic Polarization in Steam and Carbon Dioxide

Effect of Voltage Pulse Width and Synchronized Substrate Bias in High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering of Zirconium Films

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