Thin-Layer Cytology Findings of Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lower Female Genital Tract

Ng, Wai-Kuen; Cheung, Leslie K. N.; Li, Albert S. M.; Tse, Simon K. M.; Pang, Siu-Wah; Chow, Janson C. Y.

doi:10.1159/000326476

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…As early as 1925, Warren Lewis documented an intriguing occurrence of the cell‐in‐cell phenotype when he observed large mononuclear white cells living within identical host cells in frogs (Lewis, 1925). Similar observations were reported by others in a homotypic fashion in various types of cancerous cells from lung, breast, skin, bladder, and lower genital tract (Brouwer et al, 1984; Kojima et al, 1998; Ng et al, 2003; Abodief et al, 2006; Fais, 2007).…”

supporting

confidence: 85%

Silencing the Metallothionein‐2A Gene Induces Entosis in Adherent MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cells

Lai

Lim

Tan

et al. 2010

The Anatomical Record

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The presence of a live cell cohabiting within another cell has fascinated scientists for many decades. Far from being a spurious event, many have attempted to uncover the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon. In this study, we observed anchorage-dependent MCF-7 cells internalizing neighboring epithelial cells (entosis) after siRNA-mediated silencing of the Metallothionein-2A (MT-2A) gene. MTs belong to a family of low-molecular weight proteins, which bind metal ions endogenously and its over-expression has been reported in a variety of cancers that include breast, prostate, and colon. We provide microscopic evidence at light and ultrastructural levels of the occurrence of entosis after altering MT expression in a subpopulation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells by silencing the MT-2A gene. Our results demonstrate that adheren junctions may play important roles in the formation of cell-in-cell cytostructure after MT-2A gene downregulation and the entotic process does not appear to involve genes associated with autophagy. Interiorized cells often underwent lysosomal degradation within the cytoplasmic body of the engulfing cell. It would appear that a subset of breast cancer cells could die via entosis after MT-2A gene silencing. Anat Rec, 293:1685Rec, 293: -1691

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supporting

confidence: 85%

Silencing the Metallothionein‐2A Gene Induces Entosis in Adherent MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cells

Lai

Lim

Tan

et al. 2010

The Anatomical Record

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“…Small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma (SMCC) of the uterine cervix is a rare, highly aggressive malignant neoplasm 1. Precise cytologic interpretation of SMCC in conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smear suffers from low sensitivity and specificity 2–7. The liquid‐based cytology (LBC) Pap smears also have similar problems particularly with cytologic features of SMCCs being somewhat different from those seen in conventional Pap smears 2–7.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Small cell carcinoma of the cervix in liquid‐based Pap test: Utilization of split‐sample immunocytochemical and molecular analysis

Giorgadze

Kanhere

Pang

et al. 2010

Diagnostic Cytopathology

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Small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the uterine cervix (SMCC) is a rare, highly aggressive malignant neoplasm. Both conventional and liquid-based cytology (LBC) cervical smears have low sensitivity in diagnosing SMCC, requiring immunocytochemical (ICH) confirmation. We present the first series of SMCC primarily diagnosed in cytology specimens, and ICH studies performed on the residual LBC specimens with subsequent confirmation of the diagnosis on surgical pathology specimens. Immunocytochemical stains for keratin, p16INK4, and neuroendocrine markers (synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56) were performed on additional ThinPrep slides. HPV test used chromogenic in situ hybridization high risk HPV DNA probe. The Pap smears in all three specimens were highly cellular with a mixture of squamous cells and numerous well-preserved single or small cohesive clusters of malignant epithelial cells. Tumor cells were small, monomorphic with minimal cytoplasm and high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. There was significant nuclear overlap, but no nuclear molding, or smudging of nuclear chromatin. The chromatin pattern was stippled. A background tumor diathesis was prominent. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) were noted in one case, and markedly abnormal squamous cells were seen in another case. The main cytology differential diagnoses included high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and an endometrial adenocarcinoma. Immunocytochemical positivity for the neuroendocrine markers supported the diagnoses of SMCC in all three cases. The morphologic features of the concurrent surgical pathology specimens were typical of SMCC. The tissue diagnoses were also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Our study allows us to conclude that SMCC can be primarily diagnosed in LBC specimens using a panel of immunocytochemical stains.

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“…Finding dysplastic or malignant squamous or glandular cells in the background are helpful, since up to half of the SCNC cases show abnormalities of these cellular components. 36 SCNC is associated with high-risk human papilloma virus infection (HPV 18), and therefore HPV testing as an adjunctive diagnostic tool 37 combined with IHC stains for neuroendocrine differentiation can be used to establish the diagnosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematologic malignancies of the female genital tract diagnosed on liquid‐based Pap test: Cytomorphologic features and review of differential diagnoses

Hanley

Tadros

Briones

et al. 2008

Diagnostic Cytopathology

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The female genital tract is rarely the primary site for hematologic malignancies; however, secondary involvement of this anatomic site is common. Primary lymphomas of the gynecologic tract are reported to represent less than 1% of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), and the majority of them being B-cell in origin. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype, whereas primary extraosseus plasmacytoma of the genital tract is rare.If clinically not suspected, these rare tumors pose a diagnostic challenge both for clinicians and pathologists. Clinical symptoms are often nonspecific and mimic other more common gynecologic malignancies such as squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix or endometrial adenocarcinoma. Although cervico-vaginal (Pap) smear is the primary screening method for cervical squamous cell carcinoma and its precursors, it is far less sensitive for detection of other primary or metastatic malignancies. In this review, we present three cases of hematologic gynecologic malignancies, two cases of primary NHL, and a case of acute myeloid leukemia with relapse as a pelvic mass, all of which were diagnosed on a liquidbased Pap test. In addition, we discuss the morphologic features of differential diagnostic entities of these rare tumors on conventional and liquid-based preparations.

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Thin-Layer Cytology Findings of Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lower Female Genital Tract

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Silencing the Metallothionein‐2A Gene Induces Entosis in Adherent MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cells

Silencing the Metallothionein‐2A Gene Induces Entosis in Adherent MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cells

Small cell carcinoma of the cervix in liquid‐based Pap test: Utilization of split‐sample immunocytochemical and molecular analysis

Hematologic malignancies of the female genital tract diagnosed on liquid‐based Pap test: Cytomorphologic features and review of differential diagnoses

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