Thin Films and Composites Based on Graphene for Electrochemical Detection of Biologically‐relevant Molecules

Abstract

Graphene is one of the most studied materials ever, owing to its exceptional electronic, mechanical and thermal properties, which allow for many different types of application. In this review, we shall concentrate on the use of graphene and derivatives for electrochemical sensors and biosensors, where emphasis is placed on the importance of surface functionalization as this permits synergistic combinations with other nanomaterials and biomolecules. In addition to describing recent advances in graphene‐based electroanalytical applications, we discuss a few examples of their use in detecting small biomolecules and in immunosensing for a few diseases using films and composites. Also discussed are the possible methods for mass production of graphene, which is key to low‐cost biosensors for implantable devices and portable systems in point‐of‐care diagnosis.

Microneedle array sensors based on carbon nanoparticle composites: interfacial chemistry and electroanalytical properties

“…The latter is a common biomarker in a range of clinical conditions, such as hypertension [22], kidney function [23], stroke [24] and cardiovascular disease [25,26]. It is little surprise therefore that there is an extensive literature base on its electrochemical detection and, with continuing advances in 2D carbon nanomaterials and other catalytic particles, continues to hold the interest of the diagnostics [27][28][29][30][31]. While the present investigation has sought to examine the material characteristics of the composite MN array, the response to urate within horse blood, as a model system, was critically assessed along with its potential translation to transdermal applications.…”

Nanostructured Architectures for Biomolecular Detection inside and outside the Cell

“…Reproduced with permission. [179] Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. b) The surface can be functionalized with a variety of different biomolecular recognition elements.…”

Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor-Based Chemical and Biological Sensors

“…These sensors can respond to specific chemical or biological compounds and convert this information into electrical signals. Many materials have been studied as the sensitive materials in the chemical/biological sensors, such as SnO 2 [ 1 , 2 ], ZnO 2 [ 3 ], Ag [ 4 ], and graphene [ 5 ]. Generally speaking, the ideal material in chemical and biological sensors should have a high chemical reactivity, a large surface to volume ratio or an easy fabrication at low cost.…”