Thin film reference electrodes for aqueous and organic media

Simple On-Plastic/Paper Inkjet-Printed Solid-State Ag/AgCl Pseudoreference Electrode

“…In the past few years, a lot of effort has been made to miniaturize the RE and facilitate its coupling with microsensors and lab-on-a-chip devices for point-of-care diagnostics. − Among the reference electrodes studied, the Ag/AgCl is so far the most common type of RE used for miniaturization, mainly due to the simplicity of construction, safety, and great stability. In this context, some studies have been dedicated to obtain a microfabricated Ag/AgCl RE with filling solution ,, or all solid-state reference electrodes (SSREs) that have a gel or solid junction. − Among these works, screen printed Ag/AgCl reference electrode, generally printed on paper substrates or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most common SSRE used for miniaturized electrochemical devices and sensors. − However, screen printing technique have some drawbacks such as large amount of wastage material, difficulty to change the design, low resolution and it is suitable only for nonfragile substrates due to its contact mode of printing…”

An instantly usable paper-based screen-printed solid-state KCl/Ag/AgCl reference electrode with long-term stability

“…Recently, solidstate reference electrodes that have a gel or solid-liquid junction have been reported. 14,18,19,24,25 Screen printing is used for fabricating cost-effective and disposable solid-state Ag/AgCl reference electrodes, since this technique allows for precise control over the product dimensions, is highly reproducible, and can be used for mass production. 4,9,10,14,21 In most of the screen-printed solid-state Ag/AgCl reference electrodes, a paste containing KCl powder is printed on a Ag/AgCl electrode surface as an inner electrolyte layer.…”