Thimerosal: current sources of contact in Brazil

Rocha, Vanessa Barreto; Scherrer, M

doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142645

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Thimerosal is an organic compound containing two sensitizing moieties, mercury and thiosalicylate [9,10]. It is worth mentioning that despite the fact that thimerosal trace levels are either eliminated or minimized in many products today, there is still pervasive exposure to the population as a result of its previous extensive use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worth mentioning that despite the fact that thimerosal trace levels are either eliminated or minimized in many products today, there is still pervasive exposure to the population as a result of its previous extensive use. In addition, due to its antimicrobial action, thimerosal is still added as a disinfectant agent in merthiolate tincture and as a preservative, especially, in biological products (vaccines and antitoxins) and pharmaceutical/self-hygiene products (ocular solutions, eye drops/ointments, and contact lens fluids), while less commonly than previously in cosmetics and tattoo inks [9][10][11]. The above thimerosal-containing products can provoke localized hypersensitivity reactions [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The above thimerosal-containing products can provoke localized hypersensitivity reactions [9]. Thimerosal is, also, an indicator of photosensitivity to piroxicam, due to its thiosalicylic moiety [10,11]. Despite the prevalence of thimerosal sensitivity seeming to be quite high, the clinical relevance of a positive patch test to thimerosal is usually very difficult to establish [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Machine Learning in Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Identifying (Dis)similarities between Polysensitized and Monosensitized Patients

Kyritsi,

Tagka,

Stratigos

et al. 2024

BioMedInformatics

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Background: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction occurring in sensitized individuals due to exposure to allergens. Polysensitization, defined as positive reactions to multiple unrelated haptens, increases the risk of ACD development and affects patients’ quality of life. The aim of this study is to apply machine learning in order to analyze the association between ACD, polysensitization, individual susceptibility, and patients’ characteristics. Methods: Patch test results and demographics from 400 ACD patients (Study protocol Nr. 3765/2022), categorized as polysensitized or monosensitized, were analyzed. Classic statistical analysis and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) were utilized to explore relationships among variables. Results: The findings revealed significant associations between patient characteristics and ACD patterns, with hand dermatitis showing the strongest correlation. MCA provided insights into the complex interplay of demographic and clinical factors influencing ACD prevalence. Conclusion: Overall, this study highlights the potential of machine learning in unveiling hidden patterns within dermatological data, paving the way for future advancements in the field.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Machine Learning in Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Identifying (Dis)similarities between Polysensitized and Monosensitized Patients

Kyritsi,

Tagka,

Stratigos

et al. 2024

BioMedInformatics

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“…Adjuvants activate innate immune cells; however, the action mechanism has not been fully specified yet [ 7 , 9 , 10 ]. Conversely, preservatives are added to the formulation of multidose vaccines to prevent microorganism contamination [ 8 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Although these compounds reduce the pharmaceutical industry’s costs of packaging, transport, and storage and use a lower antigen dose [ 1 ], the administration of these compounds can cause adverse effects, such as allergic and inflammatory reactions and possible systemic effects [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Galiciolli,

Silva,

Prodocimo

et al. 2023

Metabolites

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Vaccination programs in the first years of a child’s life are effective and extremely important strategies for the successful eradication of diseases. However, as no intervention is without risks, the metal-based components of some vaccines, such as thimerosal (TMS), a preservative composed of ethylmercury, and aluminum (Al), have begun to generate distrust on the part of the population. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of exposure to thimerosal and aluminum hydroxide (alone or in mixture) on Danio rerio (zebrafish) specimens. The fish were exposed to thimerosal and/or aluminum hydroxide intraperitoneally. The liver, kidney, and brain were removed for a biochemical biomarker analysis, histopathological analysis, and metal quantification. As a result, we observed changes in the activity of the analyzed enzymes (SOD, GST, GPx) in the kidney and brain of the zebrafish, a reduction in GSH levels in all analyzed tissues, and a reduction in MT levels in the kidney and liver as well as in the brain. Changes in AChE enzyme activity were observed. The biochemical results corroborate the changes observed in the lesion index and histomorphology sections. We emphasize the importance of joint research on these compounds to increase the population’s safety against their possible toxic effects.

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“…Thimerosal is a well-established antiseptic and antifungal agent. It has been used as a preservative in vaccines, immunoglobulin preparations, cosmetics, antivenins, ophthalmic and nasal products, and tattoo inks [2,3]. Most clinically relevant allergic reactions to thimerosal occur with cosmetics use [4][5][6] or after contact with ophthalmic preparations, which results in mostly a facial dermatitis [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thimerosal induces skin pseudo-allergic reaction via Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor B2

Peng

Che

Hao

et al. 2019

Journal of Dermatological Science

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Background: Thimerosal has been used as a preservative in many products which may cause contact dermatitis. It is the second most common allergen in positive patch test reactions, though being a clinical irrelevant allergen. Thimerosal-induced contact dermatitis is generally considered to be a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, but it is difficult to explain the fact that most patients develop an allergic reaction upon first encounter with thimerosal. Recent studies have demonstrated the association between Mas-related G protein coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) and pseudo-allergic reactions which occur at the first contact with stimulation. This suggests the possibility that thimerosal may cause contact dermatitis via MRGPRX2 mediated mechanism. Objectives: To investigate the role of Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor B2 (MrgprB2)/MRGPRX2 in contact dermatitis induced by thimerosal. Methods: Thimerosal induced pseudo-allergic reactions via MrgprB2/ MRGPRX2 were investigated using a novel skin pseudo-allergic reaction mouse model, footpad swelling and extravasation assays in vivo and mast cell degranulation assay in vitro. Results: Thimerosal induced contact dermatitis in dorsal skin and footpad swelling in wild-type mice, but had no significant effect in MrgprB2-knockout mice. Thimerosal-induced dermatitis is characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells and elevation of serum histamine and inflammatory cytokines, rather than elevation of serum IgE level. Thimerosal increased the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration in HEK293 cells overexpressing MrgprB2/MRGPRX2. Downregulation of MRGPRX2 resulted in the reduced degranulation of LAD2 human mast cells. Conclusions: MrgprB2 mediates thimerosal-induced mast cell degranulation and pseudo-allergic reaction in mice. MRGPRX2 may be a key contributor to human contact dermatitis.

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Thimerosal: current sources of contact in Brazil

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Machine Learning in Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Identifying (Dis)similarities between Polysensitized and Monosensitized Patients

Machine Learning in Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Identifying (Dis)similarities between Polysensitized and Monosensitized Patients

Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Thimerosal induces skin pseudo-allergic reaction via Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor B2

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