Thickness-dependent electrochemical response of plasma enhanced atomic layer deposited WS2 anodes in Na-ion battery

Nandi, Dip K.; Yeo, Seungmin; Ansari, Mohd Zahid; Sinha, Soumyadeep; Cheon, Taehoon; Kwon, Jiseok; Heo, Jaeyeong; Song, Taeseup; Kim, Soo Hyun

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134766

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…FET [111] W(CO) 6 + H 2 S 165-205 20-40 nm (amorp.) LIB [263] 400 175 nm rough films (≈5 nm) Lubricant [264] [ 265] W(CO) 6 + H 2 S plasma 350 3-20 nm films (3-7 nm) HER, NIB [266] 350 20-60 nm rough films (3-10 nm) NIB [267] W(N t Bu) 2 (NMe 2 ) 2 + H 2 S 300 ≈5-50 nm rough films (≈10-30 nm) HER [268] W(N t Bu) 2 (NMe 2 ) 2 + H 2 S plasma 300 ≈8-65 nm rough films (≈10-20 nm) HER [269] so far. On the other hand, there is still a need for even new MoS 2 processes with good ALD characteristics that produce smooth, high-quality films at low temperatures, for example.…”

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“…≈40 nm rough film, cryst. 2019 [267] The measurements were performed in half-cells with the TMDC film directly grown on a stainless steel substrate (or TiO 2 nanotube substrate [219,221] ) without any binder or additives, a Li or Na metal counter electrode and a conventional electrolyte (LiPF 6 /NaPF 6 mixed with organic carbonate solvents). a) The discharge rates (C-rates) were calculated from the reported capacities and currents (1 C corresponds to a complete discharge of a battery in 1 h, 2 C in ½ h and so forth; b) The voltages are given versus Li/Li + (LIBs) or Na/Na + (NIBs); c) The italic gravimetric capacities were calculated from the reported mass loading, areal capacity (per geometric area), and film thickness;…”

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“…In a follow-up study by the authors, the highest NIB areal capacity of 59 µAh cm −2 after 50 chargedischarge cycles was achieved using an ≈40 nm thick WS 2 film, whereas the areal capacities of thinner and thicker films were lower presumably due to increased resistance of the thicker films. [267] A LIB anode consisting of a discontinuous MoS 2 film on TiO 2 nanotubes was prepared by Sopha et al [219] Using long precursor exposure times for Mo(N t Bu) 2 (NMe 2 ) 2 and H 2 S, ≈1 nm thick and 10-15 nm wide MoS 2 islands were deposited using only 2 ALD cycles. Compared to a bare TiO 2 nanotube electrode, a viable LIB anode by itself, the capacity increased from 400 to 670 µAh cm −2 , which demonstrates the advantage of using a high surface area substrate.…”

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Atomic Layer Deposition of 2D Metal Dichalcogenides for Electronics, Catalysis, Energy Storage, and Beyond

Mattinen

Leskelä

Ritala

2021

Adv Materials Inter

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it was soon replaced by other materials. Research on the fundamental properties and preparation of TMDC monolayers in solution (1986), [8] on single-crystal substrates in ultrahigh vacuum (2001), [9] and in an accessible way using mechanical exfoliation [10] (2005) followed. It was the discovery of graphene in 2004 [11] with its ever expanding list of unique and exciting properties, phenomena, and potential applications [12] that amassed broad attention to 2D materials and resulted in the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov. Tremendous efforts have been put toward synthesis and applications of graphene, including the billion euro Graphene Flagship project funded by the European Union. [13,14] Graphene is a semimetal, however, and the need to have semiconducting materials for many crucial applications, in particular in electronics, has led researchers to search for other 2D materials. The scientific community turned to TMDCs following breakthroughs in observation of unique thickness-dependent properties, [15,16] monolayer synthesis using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), [17,18] and demonstration of high-performance semiconductor devices [19-21] in 2010-2013 (Figure 1). Indeed, in 2013 the number of scientific publications on TMDCs, in particular MoS 2 , nearly tripled over 2012, and the strong growth has continued to date, fueled by advances in synthesis, new devices, and exciting physical phenomena. The explosive growth in MoS 2 research has also expanded to other TMDCs, [22] resulting in yet new phenomena and potential applications being found. [23-26] It is now clear that TMDCs are remarkable in many ways. Their layered crystal structure gives rise to fundamental physics not seen in 3D materials, which enables novel devices and applications. [25,26,32,34-36] The layered structure also gives TMDCs their highly anisotropic properties, extremely high specific surface areas, possibility to intercalate different species between the layers, and stability as ultrathin sheets down to three atomic layers thick. The TMDC family contains dozens of different materials from semiconductors to semimetals, metals, and even superconductors. [5,22,25,34] However, TMDC research is still mostly in the early discovery stages and the investigations of TMDCs largely continue using flakes produced by mechanical exfoliation of bulk crystals. [10,26] Unfortunately, this method cannot be scaled up for practical 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are among the most exciting materials of today. Their layered crystal structures result in unique and useful electronic, optical, catalytic, and quantum properties. To realize the technological potential of TMDCs, methods depositing uniform films of controlled thickness at low temperatures in a highly controllable, scalable, and repeatable manner are needed. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a chemical gas-phase thin film deposition method capable of meeting these challenges. In this review, the applications evaluated for ALD TMDCs are systematically...

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Atomic Layer Deposition of 2D Metal Dichalcogenides for Electronics, Catalysis, Energy Storage, and Beyond

Mattinen

Leskelä

Ritala

2021

Adv Materials Inter

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“…The nucleation and growth mechanism of CVD differs in each synthetic process as the generation of 2D WS 2 lies in (1) vapor sources, (2) temperature, (3) atomic gas flux and (4) substrates. In case of the vapor sources, metal containing precursors (e.g., WS 2 [59], WO 3 [39,[60][61][62][63], WCl 6 [64], WF 6 [65,66] and W(CO) 6 [67]) are vaporized and then react with sulpur containing elements (S [39,68,69], H 2 S [63,65,66]) through vapor-solid reactions, leading to the growth of 2D WS 2 nanosheets on the substrate downstream. Generally, WO 3 is always the first choice as a cheap and easily handled precursor with relatively low melting and evaporation temperature [70].…”

Section: Gas-phase Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Tungsten disulfide: synthesis and applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion

et al. 2020

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Recently, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, particularly WS 2 , raised extensive interest due to its extraordinary physicochemical properties. With the merits of low costs and prominent properties such as high anisotropy and distinct crystal structure, WS 2 is regarded as a competent substitute in the construction of next-generation environmentally benign energy storage and conversion devices. In this review, we begin with the fundamental studies of the structure, properties and preparation of WS 2 , followed by detailed discussions on the development of various WS 2 and WS 2-based composites for electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications. In the end, some prospective prospects and promising developments of WS 2 in these fields are proposed.

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“…Thus, Dip K. Nandi et al. employed an alternative stainless steel as support to load WS 2 nanosheets, which were successfully applied into sodium‐ion batteries . Using hexacarbonyl [W(CO) 6 ] and H 2 S plasma, a thin film WS 2 was grown with different thickness.…”

Section: Synthetic Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulating 2D Few‐Layer Metal Sulfides as Anode Towards Enhanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Lai

Wang

et al. 2019

Batteries & Supercaps

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High‐quality anodes are very important for the future generations of rechargeable sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Metal sulfides (MSs) as a promising anode have attract tremendous attentions and shown impressive results in terms of versatile material species, low‐cost raw materials, and excellent electrochemical performance. In particular, the unique 2D few‐layer structure of MSs provides a new view for overcoming some challenges appeared on anodic electrodes, such as volume change, structure collapse, high‐rate capability, and confinement of phase‐variation of MSs. Here, we review some of the recent scientific advances in 2D MSs, including the synthetic strategies, electronic structure, and electro‐chemical performance on SIBs.

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Thickness-dependent electrochemical response of plasma enhanced atomic layer deposited WS2 anodes in Na-ion battery

Cited by 18 publications

References 60 publications

Atomic Layer Deposition of 2D Metal Dichalcogenides for Electronics, Catalysis, Energy Storage, and Beyond

Atomic Layer Deposition of 2D Metal Dichalcogenides for Electronics, Catalysis, Energy Storage, and Beyond

Tungsten disulfide: synthesis and applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion

Manipulating 2D Few‐Layer Metal Sulfides as Anode Towards Enhanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

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