“…Among the processing techniques developed to fabricate layered ceramics from precursors or from powder processing techniques 23,24 dip coating has been extensively used in the sol–gel technology to produce thin functional coatings onto ceramic, glass, and metallic substrates 25,26 . The consolidation of a coating layer by dipping is achieved by the deposition and evaporation of the liquid, although it can also be assisted by an external force like filtration or electrophoretic deposition 26–28 . The thickness of the films fabricated by dip coating can vary from nanometers to a few tens of micrometers depending on substrate parameters (wettability, roughness, and porosity), sol/suspension parameters (viscosity, solid content, binders content, and surface tension), and specific processing parameters (withdrawal rate, soaking time, temperature, and humidity) 29–31 .…”