Thiazolidin-2,4-Dione Scaffold: An Insight into Recent Advances as Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Hypoglycemic Agents

Abstract

Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur, especially those in the thiazole family, have generated special interest in terms of their synthetic chemistry, which is attributable to their ubiquitous existence in pharmacologically dynamic natural products and also as overwhelmingly powerful agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. The thiazolidin-2,4-dione (TZD) moiety plays a central role in the biological functioning of several essential molecules. The availability of substitutions at the third and fifth positions of the Thiazolidin-2,4-dione (TZD) scaffold makes it a highly utilized and versatile moiety that exhibits a wide range of biological activities. TZD analogues exhibit their hypoglycemic activity by improving insulin resistance through PPAR-γ receptor activation, their antimicrobial action by inhibiting cytoplasmic Mur ligases, and their antioxidant action by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this manuscript, an effort has been made to review the research on TZD derivatives as potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antihyperglycemic agents from the period from 2010 to the present date, along with their molecular mechanisms and the information on patents granted to TZD analogues.

Unlocking Opportunities for Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium ulcerans

“…The inclusion of different heterocycles and halogen-based substituents in the current design such as thiazolidine-2,4-dione, benzothiazole, oxadiazole, quinoline, and different bioisosteres might impact biological activity against M. ulcerans. − TPSA (total polar surface area) and CLogP (logarithm of the partition coefficient) calculations have been completed using ChemDraw 20.1.1 to demonstrate various correlations between the target molecule and parent molecule. It is further noted that the use of chemoproteomics approaches and different chemical probes has been done to understand the mode of action of the designed molecule and its pharmacological effects .…”

Design, synthesis, and docking of novel thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione multitarget scaffold as new approach for cancer treatment

“…[7] According to reports, the heterocyclic thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) compounds may typify as a critical scaffold in the remedy of cancer. TZDs were announced to express antitumor practice in an expansive assortment of investigational cancer models via amending the cell turn, inducing necroptosis and cell distinctiveness over and above by constraining tumefaction angiogenesis [8][9][10] which is considered as a weighty basis for the enlargement and excrescence of malicious mass. [11] According to studies, a number of TZD compounds, such as ciglitazone (I), are effective anticancer agents and angiogenesis inhibitors that target VEGFR-2 by reducing VEGF synthesis in an in vitro model.…”

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation andin SilicoStudies of 3‐Hydroxy‐N‐(2‐(substituted phenyl)‐4‐oxothiazolidin‐3‐yl)‐2‐napthamide Derivatives

“…By inhibiting these cytoplasmic ligases, TZD molecules are thought to cause bacterial cell death. The mechanism by which (thiazolidionones) TZD derivatives are intended to function is to donate a proton to the ROS, therefore, reducing the cascade effect brought on by ROS (reactive oxygen species) propagation [39,40] . Sandip et al.…”

“…The mechanism by which (thiazolidionones) TZD derivatives are intended to function is to donate a proton to the ROS, therefore, reducing the cascade effect brought on by ROS (reactive oxygen species) propagation. [39,40] Sandip et al additionally discussed the thiazolidinones' anti-inflammatory potential. [41] Moreover, the finding of Barbara Dmochowska et al, also shows the biological activities of hydrazones.…”