Thiazole: A Versatile Standalone Moiety Contributing to the Development of Various Drugs and Biologically Active Agents

Abstract

For many decades, the thiazole moiety has been an important heterocycle in the world of chemistry. The thiazole ring consists of sulfur and nitrogen in such a fashion that the pi (π) electrons are free to move from one bond to other bonds rendering aromatic ring properties. On account of its aromaticity, the ring has many reactive positions where donor–acceptor, nucleophilic, oxidation reactions, etc., may take place. Molecules containing a thiazole ring, when entering physiological systems, behave unpredictably and reset the system differently. These molecules may activate/stop the biochemical pathways and enzymes or stimulate/block the receptors in the biological systems. Therefore, medicinal chemists have been focusing their efforts on thiazole-bearing compounds in order to develop novel therapeutic agents for a variety of pathological conditions. This review attempts to inform the readers on three major classes of thiazole-bearing molecules: Thiazoles as treatment drugs, thiazoles in clinical trials, and thiazoles in preclinical and developmental stages. A compilation of preclinical and developmental thiazole-bearing molecules is presented, focusing on their brief synthetic description and preclinical studies relating to structure-based activity analysis. The authors expect that the current review may succeed in drawing the attention of medicinal chemists to finding new leads, which may later be translated into new drugs.

Synthetic Strategies and Biological Activities of 1,5-Disubstituted Pyrazoles and 2,5-Disubstituted Thiazoles

“…While azoles are generally characterized by the presence of a nitrogen atom, the thiazole ring features the N in a 1,3-linkage with sulfur. The sulfur atom bears a lone pair of electrons which are delocalized throughout the ring, while C2 bears an acidic proton allowing for a range of reactions to occur in this position (Figure 11) [14].…”

Synthesis of Benzothiazole Linked Triazole Conjugates and Their Evaluation Against Cholinesterase Enzymes

“…The absorptions at 3412 and 1546 cm À 1 in the FTIR spectrum of 4-amino-5-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]- The synthesized compounds 3 and 7(a-i) were linked through À CH 2 Cl group and -NH 2 group to yield the targeted compounds N-benzothiazol-2-yl-2-(3-mercapto-5-phenyl- [1,2,4]triazol-4-ylamino)acetamides (8(a-i)). The desirable compounds were believed to form through nucleophilic substitution of Cl group of 2-aminobenzothiazole (3) by NH 2 group of triazoles (7). The reactions were carried out in presence of triethylamine base and dry acetone as solvent.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Thiazoles and its derivatives represent highly significant class of N-heterocyclic molecules with a broad range of biological applications. [6][7][8] Thiazoles are key scaffolds of various drugs which includes bacitracin, penicillin, acinitrazole, sulfathiazole, [9] pramipexole, [10] bleomycin, Tiazofurin, [11] ritonavir, [12] cinalukast [13] and Nizatidine [14] etc. Moreover, thiazole derivatives such as Tetrahydrobenzothiazoles, [15] phenolic thiazoles [16] and benzothiazoles [17] have been successfully used as potential neuroprotective agents.…”

Synthesis of Arylidenehydrazinyl‐4‐methoxyphenylthiazole Derivatives: Docking Studies, Probing Type II Diabetes Complication Management Agents

“…Thiazole derivatives have been well documented as an important pharmacologically active class in treatment of diabetes [12,16–21] . Several thiazole derivatives have been used to treat diabetes and its complications as summarised in Figure 1 [22] .…”