They stoop to conquer: Guiding and self-regulatory functions of physical posture after success and failure.

Riskind, John H.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.3.479

Cited by 150 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In one empirical study, de Meijer (1989) found that perceptions of gross body movements were indeed related to factors of action readiness. Further, expanded or slumped postures following a positive (success) or negative (defeat) emotional experience, were found to be related to adaptive appraisals or tendencies that guide self-regulation and information processing (Riskind, 1984).…”

Section: Emotion Theories and Predictions On Bodily Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion expression in body action and posture.

Dael¹,

Mortillaro²,

Scherer³

2012

Emotion

359

282

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Emotion communication research strongly focuses on the face and voice as expressive modalities, leaving the rest of the body relatively understudied. Contrary to the early assumption that body movement only indicates emotional intensity, recent studies have shown that body movement and posture also conveys emotion specific information. However, a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms is hampered by a lack of production studies informed by a theoretical framework. In this research we adopted the Body Action and Posture (BAP) coding system to examine the types and patterns of body movement that are employed by 10 professional actors to portray a set of 12 emotions. We investigated to what extent these expression patterns support explicit or implicit predictions from basic emotion theory, bidimensional theory, and componential appraisal theory. The overall results showed partial support for the different theoretical approaches. They revealed that several patterns of body movement systematically occur in portrayals of specific emotions, allowing emotion differentiation. Although a few emotions were prototypically expressed by one particular pattern, most emotions were variably expressed by multiple patterns, many of which can be explained as reflecting functional components of emotion such as modes of appraisal and action readiness. It is concluded that further work in this largely underdeveloped area should be guided by an appropriate theoretical framework to allow a more systematic design of experiments and clear hypothesis testing.

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Section: Emotion Theories and Predictions On Bodily Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion expression in body action and posture.

Dael¹,

Mortillaro²,

Scherer³

2012

Emotion

359

282

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“…The feeling of pride is highly pleasurable (41). This internal reward can motivate people to undertake and persevere at costly but socially valued courses of action (42)(43)(44). Pride has a full-body display featuring an erect and expanded posture, with gaze directed at the audience, and bodily relaxation (5,34,45).…”

Section: The Advertisement-recalibration Theory Of Pridementioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-cultural regularities in the cognitive architecture of pride

Sznycer

Al-Shawaf

Bereby‐Meyer

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

119

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Pride occurs in every known culture, appears early in development, is reliably triggered by achievements and formidability, and causes a characteristic display that is recognized everywhere. Here, we evaluate the theory that pride evolved to guide decisions relevant to pursuing actions that enhance valuation and respect for a person in the minds of others. By hypothesis, pride is a neurocomputational program tailored by selection to orchestrate cognition and behavior in the service of: (i) motivating the costeffective pursuit of courses of action that would increase others' valuations and respect of the individual, (ii) motivating the advertisement of acts or characteristics whose recognition by others would lead them to enhance their evaluations of the individual, and (iii) mobilizing the individual to take advantage of the resulting enhanced social landscape. To modulate how much to invest in actions that might lead to enhanced evaluations by others, the pride system must forecast the magnitude of the evaluations the action would evoke in the audience and calibrate its activation proportionally. We tested this prediction in 16 countries across 4 continents (n = 2,085), for 25 acts and traits. As predicted, the pride intensity for a given act or trait closely tracks the valuations of audiences, local (mean r = +0.82) and foreign (mean r = +0.75). This relationship is specific to pride and does not generalize to other positive emotions that coactivate with pride but lack its audience-recalibrating function.pride | valuation | decision-making | emotion | culture

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“…Extending the same logic to another medium of expressing emotions, Stepper and Strack (1993) induced experimental participants to adopt an upright or slumped posture under the pretext of studying different working conditions. Based on previous studies (Riskind, 1984), Stepper and Strack expected that people would experience the emotion of pride more intensely when adopting an upright body position. Again, those earlier studies did not rule out that people drew an inference from the quality of their posture about the quality of their emotional state.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior

Strack¹,

Deutsch

2004

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

3,267

120

2,159

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This article describes a 2-systems model that explains social behavior as a joint function of reflective and impulsive processes. In particular, it is assumed that social behavior is controlled by 2 interacting systems that follow different operating principles. The reflective system generates behavioral decisions that are based on knowledge about facts and values, whereas the impulsive system elicits behavior through associative links and motivational orientations. The proposed model describes how the 2 systems interact at various stages of processing, and how their outputs may determine behavior in a synergistic or antagonistic fashion. It extends previous models by integrating motivational components that allow more precise predictions of behavior. The implications of this reflective-impulsive model are applied to various phenomena from social psychology and beyond. Extending previous dual-process accounts, this model is not limited to specific domains of mental functioning and attempts to integrate cognitive, motivational, and behavioral mechanisms.In the history of attempts to discover the causes of human behavior, the most widespread explanations are based on the assumption that human beings do what they believe is good for them. Thus, they are construed as "rational animals" capable of recognizing the value or utility of their actions.At the same time, however, it is obvious that human beings do not always act this way; that is, under certain circumstances people behave in ways that do not reflect their values. To account for this phenomenon, to which the Greek philosophers gave the name akrasia (e.g., Mele, 1992), several strategies have been pursued. The first strategy assumes ignorance or lack of knowledge on the part of the actor. Socrates, for example, claimed that if people only knew what is good for them, they would act accordingly. A similar position is held by modern economists who imply that irrational decisions reflect a lack of appropriate information (Friedman, 1976). The second strategy postulates more than one set of principles that may control human action. For example, a behavior may occur mindlessly (Langer, Blank, & Chanowitz, 1978) or automatically; that is, without directing much attention to the utility of an outcome, a person may act the way he or she has acted many times before. Such habitual behaviors were the focus of many psychological theories in which the frequency and recency of previous executions of a given behavior were seen as primary determinants (e.g., Hull, 1943). The third strategy has been to understand human behavior as a function of drives. In particular, basic needs that are biologically rooted, such as hunger, thirst, or reproduction, are seen as major forces. Their strength may override considerations of utility and determine behavior in an immediate fashion.Although most psychological theories have focused on one of these aspects, some have acknowledged that behaviors may be multiply determined. Most prominently, Freud (e.g., 1933/1949 described human behavior ...

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They stoop to conquer: Guiding and self-regulatory functions of physical posture after success and failure.

Cited by 150 publications

References 47 publications

Emotion expression in body action and posture.

Emotion expression in body action and posture.

Cross-cultural regularities in the cognitive architecture of pride

Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior

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