They spoke in defense of themselves: On the generic criticism of apologia

Ware, Ben; Linkugel, Wil A.

doi:10.1080/00335637309383176

Cited by 388 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The list is exhaustive in that it includes all categories as currently defined by Benoit's Image Restoration Strategy (Benoit, 1995). Lastly, the taxonomy is reliable and supported by prior research (Rosenfield (1968), Ware & Linkugel (1973), Burke (1982), and Ryan (1982).…”

Section: Analysis Methodologysupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Several approaches have been developed for explaining verbal self-defense, some developed in the fields of communication/rhetoric and some in sociology. Rosenfield (1968), Ware and Linkugel (1973), Burke (1970), and Ryan (1982) present several verbal rhetoric-based image restoration strategies, but each theory includes options neglected by the others. The social science-based work of Scott and Lyman (1968) and Kruse (1981) regarding accounts also contributed to Benoit's theory.…”

Section: To Understand Image Restoration We Must Define What Damagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regardless of the reason, the theory was eventually shelved in favor of the more extensive theory of Ware and Linkugel (1973).…”

Section: Rosenfield's Analogmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Image Restoration Theory: An Empirical Study of Corporate Apology Tactics Employed By The U.S. Air Force Academy

Roberts¹

2006

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Report Documentation PageForm Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

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Section: Analysis Methodologysupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: To Understand Image Restoration We Must Define What Damagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Image Restoration Theory: An Empirical Study of Corporate Apology Tactics Employed By The U.S. Air Force Academy

Roberts¹

2006

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“…When one's character is attacked, one of four communication strategies can be used to defend one's character. Those four strategies are denial (person was not involved in any wrongdoing), bolstering (remind people of the good things the person had done), differentiation (remove the action from its negative context), and transcendence (place the action in a new, broader context that is more favorable) (Ware and Linkugel 1973). Dionisopolous and Vibbert (1988) presented the first published piece that explained how apologia could be adapted and applied to corporate communication.…”

Section: Informal Crisis Communication Research and Reputationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameters for Crisis Communication

Coombs

2010

The Handbook of Crisis Communication

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Organizations frequently find themselves in situations we would define as a crisis. Consider but a few examples: Union Carbide's devastating chemical release in Bhopal; Carrefour suffering from protests at its stores in China because of French attacks on the Olympic torch relay; customers experiencing E. coli at Taco Bell; rumors about designer Tommy Hilfiger's racist comments; Tyco executives stealing millions from the company; and Oxfam claiming Starbucks did not support coffee growers by opposing the branding of certain African coffees. We must accept that no organization is immune from a crisis anywhere in the world even if that organization is vigilant and actively seeks to prevent crises.The reality of crises leads to the need for preparation and readiness to respond -crisis management. The critical component in crisis management is communication. Over the past decade, there has been a massive increase in crisis communication research. As the field of crisis communication develops, it is important to develop parameters for that growth. This chapter and the Handbook of Crisis Communication are steps towards articulating the parameters and utility of crisis communication. The focus in this book is the research used to advance our understanding of communication's role in the crisis management process. To properly set the stage for this collection, it is important to define key terms in crisis management and overview key research on the central theme of crisis communication. By examining these fundamental elements, the parameters of crisis communication begin to emerge. Key Definitions for CrisisBecause of the diversity of crisis research, it is important to present definitions of key crisis terms early to help set boundaries. The key terms for the Handbook include crisis, crisis management, and crisis communication. The three are inextricably interconnected and must be considered in a progression from crisis to

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“…11 Le discours, dans son ensemble, constitue un exercice d'apologie politique (Ware et Linkugel 1973). Il s'agit d'un discours d'auto-défense, et les détails de l'histoire qui y figurent implicitent [anglais implicate] des éléments d'information pertinents au regard d'une ligne argumentative qui, si elle était assumée explicitement, conduirait à la conclusion que le sénateur n'a rien fait qui soit répréhensible au cours des événements qui ont précédé ou suivi la mort de Miss Kopechne (Jacobs, 1993 Extrait 1 Après être resté étendu dans l'herbe, épuisé, pour une durée indéterminée, je n'ai pas cherché directement un téléphone mais je suis revenu à pied à la résidence où la fête avait lieu, et j'ai demandé de l'aide à deux avocats, mon assistant, Joseph Gargan, et Paul Markham, et je les ai conduits immédiatement sur le lieu des faitsc'était un peu après minuit -afin de tenter à nouveau de plonger et localiser Miss Kopechne.…”

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Les principes pragmatiques de communication dans l’argumentation

Jacobs¹

2015

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They spoke in defense of themselves: On the generic criticism of apologia

Cited by 388 publications

References 11 publications

Image Restoration Theory: An Empirical Study of Corporate Apology Tactics Employed By The U.S. Air Force Academy

Image Restoration Theory: An Empirical Study of Corporate Apology Tactics Employed By The U.S. Air Force Academy

Parameters for Crisis Communication

Les principes pragmatiques de communication dans l’argumentation

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