Theta-Burst Stimulation of the Cerebellum Interferes with Internal Representations of Sensory-Motor Information Related to Eye Movements in Humans

Colnaghi, Silvia; Ramat, Stefano; D’Angelo, Egidio; Cortese, Andrea; Beltrami, G.; Moglia, A.; Versino, Maurizio

doi:10.1007/s12311-011-0282-1

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…As far as the stimulation pattern is concerned, cTBS has been reported to affect long‐term synaptic plasticity in the cerebral cortex (Huang et al ., ) and potentially also in the cerebellum (Colnaghi et al ., ). Therefore, application of cTBS could have affected specific mechanisms of cerebellar plasticity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Moreover, theta‐stimulation patterns induce forms of long‐term potentiation (LTP) and long‐term depression (LTD) both at the mossy fiber–granule cells synapse (D'Angelo et al ., , ) and at the parallel fiber–Purkinje cell synapse (Koekkoek et al ., ; De Zeeuw & Yeo, ). It is therefore expected that cTBS caused plastic changes in the cerebellar cortical circuit, as also suggested for saccadic eye movement adaptation (Colnaghi et al ., ), eventually causing a long‐lasting disregulation of EBCC mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cerebellar theta burst stimulation dissociates memory components in eyeblink classical conditioning

Monaco

Casellato

Koch

et al. 2014

Eur J of Neuroscience

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The cerebellum plays a critical role in forming precisely timed sensory-motor associations. This process is thought to proceed through two learning phases: one leading to memory acquisition; and the other leading more slowly to memory consolidation and saving. It has been proposed that fast acquisition occurs in the cerebellar cortex, while consolidation is dislocated into the deep cerebellar nuclei. However, it was not clear how these two components could be identified in eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC) in humans, a paradigm commonly used to investigate associative learning. In 22 subjects, we show that EBCC proceeded through a fast acquisition phase, returned toward basal levels during extinction and then was consolidated, as it became evident from the saving effect observed when re-testing the subjects after 1 week of initial training. The results were fitted using a two-state multi-rate learning model extended to account for memory consolidation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to apply continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) to the lateral cerebellum just after the first training session. Half of the subjects received real cTBS and half sham cTBS. After cTBS, but not sham cTBS, consolidation was unaltered but the extinction process was significantly impaired. These data suggest that cTBS can dissociate EBCC extinction (related to the fast learning process) from consolidation (related to the slow learning process), probably by acting through a selective alteration of cerebellar plasticity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar theta burst stimulation dissociates memory components in eyeblink classical conditioning

Monaco

Casellato

Koch

et al. 2014

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…The cerebellum is involved in precise control of motor processes at a high spatiotemporal resolution by fine-tuning sensorimotor integration [8–10] and by providing feedforward control mechanisms that are paramount in the control of stance [11, 12]. Animal studies on cerebellar functions for body balance stressed that the cerebellar vermis plays a role in integrating visual [13], proprioceptive [14], and cutaneous input from the paw [15–17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Sway Increases After Functional Inactivation of the Cerebellar Vermis by cTBS

et al. 2016

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Balance stability correlates with cerebellar vermis volume. Furthermore, the cerebellum is involved in precise timing of motor processes by fine-tuning the sensorimotor integration. We tested the hypothesis that any cerebellar action in stance control and in timing of visuomotor integration for balance is impaired by continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) of the vermis. Ten subjects stood quietly and underwent six sequences of 10-min acquisition of center of foot pressure (CoP) data after cTBS, sham stimulation, and no stimulation. Visual shifts from eyes closed (EC) to eyes open (EO) and vice versa were presented via electronic goggles. Mean anteroposterior and mediolateral CoP position and oscillation, and the time delay at which body sway changed after visual shift were calculated. CoP position under both EC and EO condition was not modified after cTBS. Sway path length was greater with EC than EO and increased in both visual conditions after cTBS. CoP oscillation was also larger with EC and increased under both visual conditions after cTBS. The delay at which body oscillation changed after visual shift was longer after EC to EO than EO to EC, but unaffected by cTBS. The time constant of decrease or increase of oscillation was longer in EC to EO shifts, but unaffected by cTBS. Functional inactivation of the cerebellar vermis is associated with increased sway. Despite this, cTBS does not detectably modify onset and time course of the sensorimotor integration process of adaptation to visual shifts. Cerebellar vermis normally controls oscillation, but not timing of adaptation to abrupt changes in stabilizing information.

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“…Both the forward and recurrent models have been proposed as biologically plausible to explain cerebellar motor control functions and may indeed develop a complementary functionality. Experimental evidence locating forward models in the cerebellum has been provided using modeling, fMRI studies [82,54] and TMS [32,31].…”

Section: The Cerebellum 323mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Circuits of the Cerebellum: Hypothesis for Function

D’Angelo¹

2011

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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The rapid growth of cerebellar research is going to clarify several aspects of cellular and circuit physiology. However, the concepts about cerebellar mechanisms of function are still largely related to clinical observations and to models elaborated before the last discoveries appeared. In this paper, the major issues are revisited, suggesting that previous concepts can now be refined and modified. The cerebellum is fundamentally involved in timing and in controlling the ordered and precise execution of motor sequences. The fast reaction of the cerebellum to the inputs is sustained by specific cellular mechanisms ensuring precision on the millisecond scale. These include burst-burst reconversion in the granular layer and instantaneous frequency modulation on the 100-Hz band in Purkinje and deep cerebellar nuclei cells. Precisely timed signals can be used for perceptron operations in Purkinje cells and to establish appropriate correlations with climbing fiber signals inducing learning at parallel fiber synapses. In the granular layer, plasticity turns out to be instrumental to timing, providing a conceptual solution to the discrepancy between cerebellar learning and timing. The granular layer sub-circuit can be tuned by long-term synaptic plasticity and synaptic inhibition to delay the incoming signals over a 100-ms range. For longer sequences, large circuit sections can be entrained into coherent activity in 100-ms cycles. These dynamic aspects, which have not been accounted for by original theories, could in fact represent the essence of cerebellar functioning. It is suggested that the cerebellum can, in this way, operate the realignment of temporally incongruent signals, allowing their binding and pattern recognition in Purkinje cells. The demonstration of these principles, their behavioral relevance and their relationship with internal model theories represent a challenge for future cerebellar research.

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Theta-Burst Stimulation of the Cerebellum Interferes with Internal Representations of Sensory-Motor Information Related to Eye Movements in Humans

Cited by 18 publications

References 39 publications

Cerebellar theta burst stimulation dissociates memory components in eyeblink classical conditioning

Cerebellar theta burst stimulation dissociates memory components in eyeblink classical conditioning

Body Sway Increases After Functional Inactivation of the Cerebellar Vermis by cTBS

Neural Circuits of the Cerebellum: Hypothesis for Function

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