Theta and gamma connectivity is linked with affective and cognitive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Background The progression of Parkinsons disease (PD) can often exacerbate symptoms of depression, anxiety, and/or cognitive impairment. In this study, we explore the possibility that multiple brain network responses are associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety and cognitive impairment in PD. This association is likely to provide insights into a single multivariate relationship, where common affective symptoms occurring in PD cohorts are related with alterations to electrophysiological response. Methods 70 PD patients and 21 healthy age-matched controls (HC) participated in a high-density electroencephalography (EEG) study. Functional connectivity differences between PD and HC groups of oscillatory activity at rest and during completion of an emotion-cognition task were examined to identify key brain oscillatory activities. A canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was applied to identify a putative multivariate relationship between connectivity patterns and affective symptoms in PD groups. Results A CCA analysis identified a single mode of co-variation linking theta and gamma connectivity with affective symptoms in PD groups. Increases in frontotemporal gamma, frontal and parietal theta connectivity were related with increased anxiety and cognitive impairment. Decreases in temporal region theta and frontoparietal gamma connectivity were associated with higher depression ratings and PD patient age. Limitations This study only reports on optimal dosage of dopaminergic treatment (on state) in PD and did not investigate at off medication. Conclusions Theta and gamma connectivity during rest and task-states are linked to affective and cognitive symptoms within fronto-temporo-parietal networks, suggesting a potential assessment avenue for understanding brain-behavior associations in PD with electrophysiological task paradigms.