Abstract. The Miocene (∼24 to ∼5 million years ago) was a period of relative global warmth compared to the Quaternary (∼2 million years ago to present; e.g. Zachos et al., 2001) and was characterised by the intermittent glaciation of Antarctica only. Paradoxically, the majority of available proxy data suggest that during the Miocene, pCO 2 was similar, or even lower, than the pre-industrial levels (280 ppmv; Pagani et al