Thermorph

SimuLearn

“…While the prediction results can visualize the transformation trend, they are not sufficiently accurate to support design tasks that require high precision like modularization. In relatively small scales, Thermorph [1], Printed Paper Actuator [39], A-line [40], and bioLogic [46] combined parametric geometries with forward kinematics to simulate tree-topological patterns, but this approach is incompatible with more complex or larger patterns like 4DMesh [41] due to their omission of physical forces. To tackle more complex patterns, [32] and Geodesy [12,32] used linear mass-spring models to approximate the materials' transformation.…”

“…finite element analysis (FEA). Geometrical methods predict material performance by modeling the relationship between design parameters and experimental data (e.g., associating the length [1,41] or layer thickness [40] of a printed thermoplastic actuator with its resulting bending angle). While they are fast to compute, these methods often take few if any physical parameters into account, and thus are not physically accurate.…”

Programmable Filament

“…The ability to make filaments with special pigments (e.g., a graphite, ferromagnetic, or carbon fiber) inspired researchers in the HCI community to create functional 3D objects, such as capacitive objects [4,29], magnetically encoded wireless devices [10,11], or identifiable artifacts with barcode [21]. Exploiting flexible thermoplastic such as TPU, through the different buckling behaviors of heterogeneous materials when attached together, the transformation of a flat sheet into a sophisticated 3D shape has become available for desktop 3D printers [2]. Use of water-soluble material with regular plastic further expanded application scenarios of 3D printed artifacts, such as optically identifiable object [18], object with wash-away assembly keys [23] and more.…”

“…With recent advances in consumer grade 3D printers, end users without professional skills are able to fabricate various objects from a smartphone case to custom mechanical tools. Along with the progress of machinery, there has been a growing desire for multi-color and multi-material 3D printing using fused deposition modeling (FDM), not only to get an artifact aesthetically appealing but also to enable the production of an object with properties not found in nature, i.e., metamaterials, even when faced with a limited choice of materials (e.g., [1,2,9]). However, the materials used in low-cost 3D printers are fairly limited due to the form factor and affordability.…”

Morphino

“…Wang et al [123] exploited the hygroscopic properties of protein, cellulose and starch to create shapechanging food. A similar principle has also been applied to create self-folding 3D printed objects actuated by heat [6].…”