Thermoreversible Switchlike Electrocatalytic Reduction of Tizanidine Based on a Graphene Oxide Tethered Stimuli-Responsive Smart Surface Supported Pd Catalyst

Abstract

In this work, a graphene oxide (GRO)-based temperature-sensitive smart catalytic support material was developed by tethering biodegradable and hydrophilic poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) on a GRO (i.e., GRO-PVCL) surface. GRO-PVCLsupported palladium catalyst (i.e., Pd/GRO-PVCL) was then prepared for tizanidine (TZN) electroreduction. The impact of a temperature-sensitive smart surface on the electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties was examined. Moreover, when the large surface area, excellent electron transfer, and electrochemical catalysis abilities of GRO were combined with the responsive characteristics of PVCL, temperature-triggered reversible electrocatalysis of TZN with enhanced sensitivity has been proved. Results designated that GRO-PVCL exposed the hydrophilic surface at 20 °C, resulting in Pd NPs highly dispersed on the GRO-PVCL surface. Subsequently, the wettability of the Pd catalyst surface arbitrarily adapted to hydrophobicity at 40 °C, which highly enhanced the TZN reduction on the catalyst in electrochemical detection. The synergistic effect amid Pd and GRO-PVCL on Pd/GRO-PVCL improved the electrocatalytic activity of TZN. The detection of TZN with the Pd/GRO-PVCL modified electrode ranged from 0.02 to 276 μM with a low detection limit of 0.0015 μM at 40 °C. The Pd/GRO-PVCL modified electrode also possesses excellent stability, reproducibility, and anti-interference ability. Lastly, the modified electrode attained good recovery results in human urine and human plasma samples for the determination of TZN and also pharmacokinetics study in rat plasma.

Surface Engineering of Metals: Techniques, Characterizations and Applications

“…For example, smart surfaces can change their wettability, adhesion, or optical properties in response to external stimuli such as temperature, light, or pH. Such surfaces hold promise for applications in fields such as adaptive optics, microfluidics, and sensors, where dynamic control over surface properties is crucial [151].…”

Peripherally Modified Poly(amido amine) Nanocomposite Hydrogel with Stimuli‐Responsive Self‐Healing, High Tensile Strength, and Selective Superadsorption Poperties

“…Stimuli-responsive materials can alter their physical and chemical properties in response to external stimuli, including temperature, electric fields, magnetic fields, pH, light, and more. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] These intelligent materials hold significant potential for applications in drug/gene delivery, microlenses, sensors, and various other fields. [8][9][10][11] Many of the intriguing characteristics of these responsive materials result from changes in solubility or conformation of macromolecules in the presence of solvents.…”

“…Stimuli‐responsive materials can alter their physical and chemical properties in response to external stimuli, including temperature, electric fields, magnetic fields, pH, light, and more [1–7] . These intelligent materials hold significant potential for applications in drug/gene delivery, microlenses, sensors, and various other fields [8–11] .…”

Electrochemical Cloud Point Temperature from Thermoamperometry: Real-Time Analysis for Phase Transition of Thermoresponsive Polymers

“…Thermoresponsive polymers exhibit phase transition behaviors in response to external temperature manipulations. A lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type polymer can be dissolved in a solvent at low temperatures and precipitated from the solvent at temperatures above the critical solution temperature. − These polymers have been intensively applied in various research fields for drug delivery systems, biocatalysts, and energy storage systems. − …”