Thermoresponsive Self-Assembled β-Cyclodextrin-Modified Surface for Blood Purification

Abstract

For patients with liver failure, bilirubin (BR) is one of the endogenous toxins in their blood. Although blood purification can remove the bilirubin from the body in clinics, the detoxification system needs to be improved, and the cost needs to be decreased. In the present study, we developed a recyclable model surface that can strongly remove bilirubin. We first prepared adamantane (Ad) on a model gold surface by self-assembly. Then, we integrated the β-cyclodextrin dimer (CDD) onto the surface with host−guest interactions between one of the CD cavities in the CDD and Ad. We characterized the surface with XPS, static contact angle measurements, and AFM. In addition, we employed QCM-D to characterize the preparation process as well as the detoxification of the surface. We demonstrated that this modified surface could strongly adsorb bilirubin through host−guest interactions between the CD cavities in the CDD and bilirubin and that the detoxification was improved 1.7 times (compared to the surface only with Ad). Interestingly, after characterization with QCM-D, this surface could be recycled due to the thermoresponsive property of the host−guest interaction between the CDD and Ad. After adsorbing the toxin and increasing the temperature to 45 °C, the CDD with bilirubin could be removed from the surface. Then, the refreshed surface with CDD could be prepared again at room temperature. This cycle could be repeated at least 3 times. Additionally, during each cycle, the modified surface exhibited good detoxification to bilirubin. This modified surface also showed strong resistance to plasma proteins, decreasing the adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA) and fibrinogen (Fg). An in vitro platelet adhesion assay showed that the adhesion of the platelets on the modified surface decreased and that the platelets were in an inactivated state. The hemolysis assay showed that this surface exhibited no hemolysis activity in the samples to red blood cells (RBCs). The CCK-8 assay showed that this surface had negligible cytotoxicity to L929 cells. This work has taken advantage of the host−guest self-assembly between β-CD and BR/Ad for special recognizing adsorption, as well as the thermoresponse of β-CD-Ad inclusion for recyclable application, and these results demonstrate that this technology has great potential for removing bilirubin and decreasing clinic costs.

Water-Insoluble Sustainable Magnetic Nanoparticles for Green Extraction of Metallic Pollutants from Aqueous Bulk: Host–Guest Interactions at Immiscible Interfaces

“…Similarly, a smaller spacer could otherwise accommodate double hydrocarbon chains in a single CD cavity, but that proves incompatible at the solid–liquid interface as well (Figure c) . Surface immobilization of CD − on Au/Ag NPs is responsible for both factors. It provides limited access to longer hydrocarbon chain as well as a smaller spacer for the formation of a low energy complex.…”

Negative Volume Compressibility in Sc3N@C80–Cubane Cocrystal with Charge Transfer

“…The XPS spectra were measured in two separated experiments, with or without cleaning the cocrystal surface by using Ar + ions, which gives the same results except an additional peak at 286.3 eV related to C−O contamination in the sample without Ar + cleaning. 39 The binding energy of 284.2 eV should be from cubane and is ∼0.5 eV lower than that of similar sp 3 -carbon terminated with hydrogen (i.e., adamantane), 40 indicating an electron density increase on cubane. The binding energy of 284.8 eV is assigned to Sc 3 N@C 80 and shows an electron transfer to cubane, because the binding energy of a charged [C 80 ] cage is 285.1 eV while it shifts down to 284.75 eV for a noncharged, empty C 80 cage.…”

Bilirubin Removal by Polymeric Adsorbents for Hyperbilirubinemia Therapy

“…Based on the host−guest interactions between bilirubin and β ‐CD, different forms of bilirubin adsorbents have been developed. Examples include PES hollow fiber membranes with β ‐CD, [ 59 ] polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes with β ‐CD, [ 85 ] β ‐CD‐modified surfaces [ 83 ] and Fe 3 O 4 ‐ β ‐CD nanoparticles. [ 84 ] In addition, the effectiveness of β ‐CD against protein‐bound toxins (such as bile acids and aromatic amino acids) is also confirmed.…”