Thermoregulatory responses of Holstein and Brown Swiss Heat-Stressed dairy cows to two different cooling systems

Correa‐Calderón, Abelardo; Armstrong, D.V.; Ray, D. E.; DeNise, S.K.; Enns, Mark; Howison, Christine M.

doi:10.1007/s00484-003-0194-y

Cited by 97 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The circulation of air by a fan greatly increases the cooling of sprinkled heifers. In some cases the use of sprinklers may lead to an increase in relative humidity, which reduces the ability of cattle to dissipate heat via evaporation (Frazzi et al 1997;Correa-Calderon et al 2004). Water can be evaporated from the skin but not removing sufficient body heat (Frazzi et al 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of short-term cooling on pregnancy rate of dairy heifers under summer heat stress

2009

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Thermal stress in cattle results in major decreases in dairy production and reproduction. A study was designed to evaluate the influence of temporary cooling on pregnancy rate in Holstein heifers during summer heat stress. Estrus was synchronized with two injections of prostaglandin [Formula: see text] (PG), administrated 11 d apart, and all heifers were housed in a shaded enclosed structure at the time of the second PG injection. After estrus detection, heifers were randomly divided into three groups: Control (C; n = 30), Sprinkler (S; n = 30) or Sprinkler and Fan (SF; n = 30). Rectal temperatures were measured 2.5 hours before AI, at the time of AI, and 1.5 and 3.5 hours after AI. Group C heifers receive no further treatment, but heifers in S and SF groups were exposed to short-term cooling from 2 hours before until 2 hours after AI with a sprinkler (S) or sprinkler and a fan (SF), respectively. Estrus detection and AI were performed by a single skilled technician; semen was from a bull of known fertility. Rectal temperature did not differ among groups 2.5 hours before AI, but at the time of AI was lower (P < 0.05) in SF group (39.3 +/- 0.0 degrees C) than in S (39.5 +/- 0.0 degrees C) and C (39.9 +/- 0.1 degrees C) groups which also differed (P < 0.05). At 1.5 and 3.5 hours after AI, rectal temperature remained lower in SF group (38.9 +/- 0.0 and 38.7 +/- 0.0 degrees C, respectively) than in the S (39.4 +/- 0.0 and 39.2 +/- 0.0 degrees C, respectively) and C (39.3 +/- 0.0 and 39.3 +/- 0.0 degrees C, respectively) groups, which no longer differed. Pregnancy rate following AI was higher (P < 0.05) in SF group (56.7%) than in the C group (23.3%) with the S group (40%) intermediate and not different from either. The present study results indicate that cooling of dairy heifers for a short time before and after AI, especially with sprinkler and fan, can increase pregnancy rate during heat stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of short-term cooling on pregnancy rate of dairy heifers under summer heat stress

2009

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“…Numerous studies [67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75] compared the environmental conditions and physiological responses of dairy cows under misters with those obtained under an open-sided barn alone or equipped with fans (Table 6). Globally, ambient temperature in the facilities using misting technologies was 2–9 °C cooler than the barns without evaporative cooling, while relative humidity was increased by 8–50 units of percentage with misters.…”

Section: Methods For Reducing Heat Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is in accordance with the formula developed by St-Pierre et al [8] from published data that quantified similar declines in THI for misting systems used in hot temperatures. Dairy cows generally benefitted from misters since rectal temperatures (−0.8 °C) and respiration rates (−20 breaths min −1 ) were reduced when used [66,67,68,70,71,72,73,74]. Only Chan et al [69] observed no significant effect of misters on these parameters.…”

Section: Methods For Reducing Heat Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The addition of a sprinkling system alone had opposing results on daily milk yield since it did not always allow for a production increase. The combination of sprinklers and fans in dairy barns was evaluated in different locations of the US, Argentina, Iran, Israel, and Italy [32,66,70,71,75,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110]. In general, thermal environments were changed with the cooling system since temperature was reduced (0.2–4.9 °C) and relative humidity was increased (0.6–24.4 units of percentage), resulting in decreased THI (0.2–5.9 units).…”

Section: Methods For Enhancing Cow Heat Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Practices for Alleviating Heat Stress of Dairy Cows in Humid Continental Climates: A Literature Review

Fournel

Ouellet

Charbonneau

2017

Animals

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Simple SummaryThe severity of heat stress issues on dairy cows will increase as global warming progresses. Fortunately, major advances in environmental management, including fans, misters, sprinklers, and cooled waterbeds, can attenuate the effects of thermal stress on cow health, production, and reproduction. These cooling systems were, however, tested in subtropical areas and their efficiency in northern regions is uncertain. This article assesses the potential of existing technologies to cool cows in humid continental climates through calculation of heat stress indices.AbstractHeat stress negatively affects the health and performance of dairy cows, resulting in considerable economic losses for the industry. In future years, climate change will exacerbate these losses by making the climate warmer. Physical modification of the environment is considered to be the primary means of reducing adverse effects of hot weather conditions. At present, to reduce stressful heat exposure and to cool cows, dairy farms rely on shade screens and various forms of forced convection and evaporative cooling that may include fans and misters, feed-line sprinklers, and tunnel- or cross-ventilated buildings. However, these systems have been mainly tested in subtropical areas and thus their efficiency in humid continental climates, such as in the province of Québec, Canada, is unclear. Therefore, this study reviewed the available cooling applications and assessed their potential for northern regions. Thermal stress indices such as the temperature-humidity index (THI) were used to evaluate the different cooling strategies.

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“…There are also prospects for improving thermotolerance through breed selection or crossbreeding. Holsteins have been reported to be less thermotolerant than Jerseys or Brown Swiss (Ruvuna et al 1983;Correa-Calderón et al 2004;Garcia-Peniche et al 2005). Heterosis achieved by crossbreeding can affect milk yield, fat and protein percentage of the milk, incidence of diseases, and reproductive traits (Sørensen et al 2008), but no experiments have been conducted to determine whether there are effects of heterosis on body temperature regulation during heat stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Genotype effects on body temperature in dairy cows under grazing conditions in a hot climate including evidence for heterosis

et al. 2009

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We compared diurnal patterns of vaginal temperature in lactating cows under grazing conditions to evaluate genotype effects on body temperature regulation. Genotypes evaluated were Holstein, Jersey, Jersey x Holstein and Swedish Red x Holstein. The comparison of Holstein and Jersey versus Jersey x Holstein provided a test of whether heterosis effects body temperature regulation. Cows were fitted with intravaginal temperature recording devices that measured vaginal temperature every 15 min for 7 days. Vaginal temperature was affected by time of day (P < 0.0001) and genotype x time (P < 0.0001) regardless of whether days in milk and milk yield were used as covariates. Additional analyses indicated that the Swedish Red x Holstein had a different pattern of vaginal temperatures than the other three genotypes (Swedish Red x Holstein vs others x time; P < 0.0001) and that Holstein and Jersey had a different pattern than Jersey x Holstein [(Holstein + Jersey vs Jersey x Holstein) x time, P < 0.0001]. However, Holstein had a similar pattern to Jersey [(Holstein vs Jersey) x time, P > 0.10]. These genotype x time interactions reflect two effects. First, Swedish Red x Holstein had higher vaginal temperatures than the other genotypes in the late morning and afternoon but not after the evening milking. Secondly, Jersey x Holstein had lower vaginal temperatures than other genotypes in the late morning and afternoon and again in the late night and early morning. Results point out that there are effects of specific genotypes and evidence for heterosis on regulation of body temperature of lactating cows maintained under grazing conditions and suggest that genetic improvement for thermotolerance through breed choice or genetic selection is possible.

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Thermoregulatory responses of Holstein and Brown Swiss Heat-Stressed dairy cows to two different cooling systems

Cited by 97 publications

References 31 publications

Effects of short-term cooling on pregnancy rate of dairy heifers under summer heat stress

Effects of short-term cooling on pregnancy rate of dairy heifers under summer heat stress

Practices for Alleviating Heat Stress of Dairy Cows in Humid Continental Climates: A Literature Review

Genotype effects on body temperature in dairy cows under grazing conditions in a hot climate including evidence for heterosis

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