Thermoregulatory responses during competitive marathon running

Maron, Michael B.; Wagner, J. A.; Horvath, Steven M.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1977.42.6.909

Cited by 154 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…The mechanisms for this increased severity of exertional versus classical heatstroke may relate to the presence of acidosis in exertional heat stroke or to any number of other factors associated with exercise-induced hyperthermia. The high rate of heat storage in the present study is comparable to the rate of heat storage observed in marathon runners finishing the race with total time of 150 min and final core temperature of approximately 41°C (Maron et al 1977). Thus, our volunteers had to deal with a rate of heat storage similar to that observed during a sports event, such as a marathon.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

The effect of the rate of heat storage on serum heat shock protein 72 in humans

et al. 2008

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Hsp72 concentration has been shown to be higher in the serum (eHsp72) of runners with symptoms of heat illness than in non-ill runners. Recently, it has been suggested that the rate of heat storage during exercise in the heat may be an important factor in the development of heat stroke. Therefore, we compared the effect of two rates of heat storage on eHsp72 concentration during exercise in which subjects reached the same final core temperature. We hypothesized that with a lower rate of heat storage the increase in eHsp72 would be attenuated compared to a higher rate of heat storage. Nine heat acclimated subjects performed two exercise trials in a counterbalanced order in the heat (42 degrees C, 30% relative humidity). The trials consisted of walking on a treadmill (approximately 50% VO (2) peak) dressed in military summer fatigues until rectal temperature reached 38.5 degrees C. A high rate of heat storage (HS, 1.04 +/- 0.10 W m(-2) min(-1), mean +/- SE) occurred when subjects walked without cooling. To produce a lower rate of heat storage (LS, 0.54 +/- 0.09 W m(-2) min(-1)) subjects walked while wearing a water-perfused cooling vest underneath clothing. eHsp72 increased pre- to post-exercise (P < 0.05) but there was no difference (P > 0.05) in eHSP between the two rates of heat storage (LS 1.25 +/- 0.73 to 2.23 +/- 0.70 ng ml(-1), HS 1.04 +/- 0.57 to 2.02 +/- 0.60 ng ml(-1)). This result suggests that eHsp72 is a function of the core temperature attained rather than the rate of heat storage.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

The effect of the rate of heat storage on serum heat shock protein 72 in humans

et al. 2008

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“…Post-race rectal temperatures of 41.1°C have been observed in world-class athletes following races of 4.8 and 10 km (Robinson 1963) and in the winner of a 42-km race (Pugh et al 1967). To our knowledge, the highest observed T c in an asymptomatic runner was reported by Maron et al (1977), where T c was maintained between 41.6 and 41.9°C for the final 44 min of a 42-km road race. More recently, Byrne et al (2006) reported that 56% (n = 10) of their sample attained T c [ 40.0°C during a mass-participation 21-km road race in 27°C ambient temperature and 87% humidity, with two individuals attaining T c of 41.3 and 41.7°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…That these observations arose from runners who successfully completed the exercise task, were champion athletes, or who ran faster than all other competitors despite T c [ 40°C, appears to refute the hypothesis that exhaustion occurs when a critical T c of *40°C is attained. A case-study observation that appears to refute the critical T c hypothesis was provided over 30 years ago by Maron et al (1977) who reported an end-spurt, displayed as a substantial increase in speed during the last mile of the race, in an individual with T c C 41.6°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C39.5°C) in asymptomatic individuals undertaking outdoor distance running (Byrne et al 2006;Ely et al 2009;Maron et al 1977;Maughan et al 1985;Noakes et al 1991;Pugh et al 1967;Robinson 1963;Wyndham and Strydom 1969). Post-race rectal temperatures of 41.1°C have been observed in world-class athletes following races of 4.8 and 10 km (Robinson 1963) and in the winner of a 42-km race (Pugh et al 1967).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermoregulation, pacing and fluid balance during mass participation distance running in a warm and humid environment

et al. 2010

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Deep body temperature (T(c)), pacing strategy and fluid balance were investigated during a 21-km road race in a warm and humid environment. Thirty-one males (age 25.3 +/- 3.2 years; maximal oxygen uptake 59.1 +/- 4.2 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) volunteered for this study. Continuous T(c) responses were obtained in 25 runners. Research stations at approximately 3-km intervals permitted accurate assessment of split times and fluid intake. Environmental conditions averaged 26.4 degrees C dry bulb temperature and 81% relative humidity. Peak T(c) was 39.8 +/- 0.5 (38.5-40.7) degrees C with 24 runners achieving T(c) > 39.0 degrees C, 17 runners > or = 39.5 degrees C, and 10 runners > or = 40.0 degrees C. In 12 runners attaining peak T(c) > or = 39.8 degrees C, running speed did not differ significantly when T(c) was below or above this threshold (208 +/- 15 cf. 205 +/- 24 m min(-1); P = 0.532). Running velocity was the main significant predictor variable of T(c) at 21 km (R(2) = 0.42, P < 0.001) and was the main discriminating variable between hyperthermic (T(c) > or = 39.8 degrees C) and normothermic runners (T(c) < 39.8 degrees C) up to 11.8 km. A reverse J-shaped pacing profile characterised by a marked reduction in running speed after 6.9 km and evidence of an end-spurt in 16 runners was observed. Variables relating to fluid balance were not associated with any T(c) parameters or pacing. We conclude that hyperthermia, defined by a deep body temperature greater than 39.5 degrees C, is common in trained individuals undertaking outdoor distance running in environmental heat, without evidence of fatigue or heat illness.

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“…Prolonged exercise has been shown to result in increases in body temperature which place high demands on the thermoregulatory system (Pugh et al 1967;Maron et al 1977). Due to the loss of sympathetic regulation in spinal cord injury, there is a reduced sweating capacity in the insensate skin (Randall et al 1966) and lack of vasomotor regulation below the level of the lesion (Hopman 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoregulatory responses of paraplegic and able-bodied athletes at rest and during prolonged upper body exercise and passive recovery

Price

Campbell

1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The thermoregulatory responses of ten paraplegic (PA; T3/4-L4) and nine able-bodied (AB) upper body trained athletes were examined at rest and during prolonged arm-cranking exercise and passive recovery. Exercise was performed for 90 min at 80% peak heart rate, and at 21.5 (1.7) degrees C and 47.0 (7.8)% relative humidity on a Monark cycle ergometer (Ergomedic 814E) adapted for arm exercise. Mean peak oxygen uptake values for the PA and AB athlete groups were 2.12 (0.41) min(-1) and 3.19 (0.38) l x min(-1), respectively (P<0.05). At rest, there was no difference in aural temperature between groups [36.2 (0.4) degrees C for both groups]. However, upper body skin temperatures for the PA athletes were approximately 1.0 degrees C warmer than for the AB athletes, whereas lower body skin temperatures were cooler than those for the AB athletes (1.3 degrees C and 2.7 degrees C for the thigh and calf, respectively). Upper and lower body skin temperatures for the AB athletes were similar. During exercise, blood lactate peaked after 15 min of exercise for both groups [3.33 (1.26) mmol x l(-1) and 4.30 (1.03) mmol x l(-1) for the PA and AB athletes, respectively, P<0.05] and decreased throughout the remainder of the exercise period. Aural temperature increased by 0.7 (0.5) degrees C and 0.6 (0.4) degrees C for the AB and PA athletes, respectively. Calf skin temperature for the PA athletes increased during exercise by 1.4 (2.8) degrees C (P<0.05), whereas a decrease of 0.8 (2.0) degrees C (P<0.05) was observed for the AB athletes. During the first 20 min of recovery from exercise, the calf skin temperature of the AB athletes decreased further [-2.6 (1.3) degrees C; P<0.05]. Weight losses and changes in plasma volume were similar for both groups [0.7 (0.5) kg and 0.7 (0.4) kg; 5.4 (4.9)% and 9.7 (6.2)% for the PA and AB athletes, respectively]. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the PA athletes exhibit different thermoregulatory responses at rest and during exercise and passive recovery to those of upper body trained AB athletes. Despite this, during 90 min of arm-crank exercise in a cool environment, the PA athletes appeared to be at no greater thermal risk than the AB athletes.

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Thermoregulatory responses during competitive marathon running

Cited by 154 publications

References 0 publications

The effect of the rate of heat storage on serum heat shock protein 72 in humans

The effect of the rate of heat storage on serum heat shock protein 72 in humans

Thermoregulation, pacing and fluid balance during mass participation distance running in a warm and humid environment

Thermoregulatory responses of paraplegic and able-bodied athletes at rest and during prolonged upper body exercise and passive recovery

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