Thermoregulation in Macaca mulatta: a thermal balance study

Johnson, G. S.; Elizondo, R. S.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1979.46.2.268

Cited by 51 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Human skin temperature is about 41C lower than core temperature at 181C and about 1.51C lower than core temperature at 301C (Freedman et al, 2005). In contrast, the core temperature of humans, rhesus monkeys, and rats does not vary substantially across 18-301C T A conditions (Freedman et al, 2005;Johnson and Elizondo, 1979;Malberg and Seiden, 1998). A mean effect of only B0.51C, attributable to T A , was observed in the present study suggesting that s.c. temperature is only minimally influenced by ambient conditions.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…The s.c. values were B1-31C lower than (immobilized) rectal temperature across animals but the temperature differential is consistent across determinations within animal. For comparison, the skin temperature of macaques is about 71C lower than rectal temperature at T A of 181C and about 2.51C lower than rectal temperature at T A of 301C (Johnson and Elizondo, 1979). Human skin temperature is about 41C lower than core temperature at 181C and about 1.51C lower than core temperature at 301C (Freedman et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Impact of Ambient Temperature on Hyperthermia Induced by (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Rhesus Macaques

Huben

Lay

Crean

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The ambient temperature (T A ) under which rodents are exposed to (7)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) affects the direction and magnitude of the body temperature response, and the degree of hypo/hyperthermia generated in subjects can modify the severity of lasting brain changes in 'neurotoxicity' models. The thermoregulatory effects of MDMA have not been well described in nonhuman primates and it is unknown if T A has the potential to affect acute hyperthermia and therefore other lasting consequences of MDMA. The objective of this study was to determine if the temperature alteration produced by MDMA in nonhuman primates depends on T A as it does in rats and mice. Body temperature and spontaneous home cage activity were monitored continuously in six male rhesus monkeys via radiotelemetry. The subjects were challenged intramuscularly with 0.56-2.4 mg/kg (7)MDMA under each of three T A conditions (18, 24, and 301C) in a randomized order. The temperature was significantly elevated following injection with all doses of MDMA under each ambient temperature. The magnitude of mean temperature change was B11C in most conditions suggesting a closely controlled thermoregulatory response in monkeys across a range of doses and ambient temperatures. Activity levels were generally suppressed by MDMA; however, a 50% increase over vehicle was observed after 0.56 MDMA under the 301C condition. It is concluded that MDMA produces a similar degree of hyperthermia in rhesus monkeys across a range of T A conditions that result in hypothermia or exaggerated hyperthermia in rodents. Monkey temperature responses to MDMA appear to be more similar to humans than to rodents and therefore the monkey may offer an improved model of effects related to MDMA-induced hyperthermia.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Impact of Ambient Temperature on Hyperthermia Induced by (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Rhesus Macaques

Huben

Lay

Crean

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…The direct comparison of rectal temperature with the subcutaneous telemetry measure in the present study further demonstrates that the rhesus monkey is more similar to humans than is the rat, because the magnitude of the MDMA effect on temperature does not vary due to source of the temperature measure. This is perhaps unsurprising since the telemetered subcutaneous temperature in rhesus differed from rectal by only about 1.8°C under ambient temperature conditions in which skin temperature differs from rectal by about 4-5°C (Johnson and Elizondo, 1979). Together this evidence suggests that temperature effects of MDMA in the larger bodied species (or at least primates) are more consistent from core to periphery in comparison with rodents or rabbits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Oral administration of (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and (+)methamphetamine alters temperature and activity in rhesus macaques

Crean¹,

Davis²,

Taffe³

2007

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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Rationale-Emergency Department visits and fatalities in which (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or (+)methamphetamine (METH) are involved frequently feature unregulated hyperthermia. MDMA and METH significantly elevate body temperature in multiple laboratory species and, most importantly, can also produce unregulated and threatening hyperthermia in nonhuman primates. A majority of prior animal studies have administered drugs by injection whereas human consumption of "Ecstasy" is typically oral, an important difference in route of administration which may complicate the translation of animal data to the human condition.Objective-To determine if MDMA and METH produce hyperthermia in monkeys following oral administration as they do when administered intramuscularly.Methods-Adult male rhesus monkeys were challenged intramuscularly (i.m.) and per os (p.o.) with 1.78 or 5 mg/kg (±)MDMA and with 0.1 or 0.32 mg/kg (+)METH. Temperature and activity were monitored with a radiotelemetry system.Results-Oral administration of either MDMA or METH produced significant increases in body temperature. Locomotor activity was suppressed by MDMA and increased by METH following either route or administration.Conclusions-The data show that the oral route of administration is not likely to qualitatively reduce the temperature increase associated with MDMA or METH although oral administration did slow the rate of temperature increase. It is further established that MDMA reduces activity in monkeys even after relatively high doses and oral administration.

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“…The TNZ for humans is extremely narrow, encompassing only a few degrees around 30 8C. The TNZ for the Rhesus monkey extends from 24.5 to 31 8C [Johnson and Elizondo, 1979], that for the squirrel monkey from 26 to 35 8C [Stitt and Hardy, 1971], and that for the mouse from 30 to 33 8C [Hart, 1971]. Comparable data for other laboratory animals are provided in the Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook [Durney et al, 1986].…”

Section: Thermoregulatory Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoregulatory responses to RF energy absorption

Adair¹,

Black²

2003

Bioelectromagnetics

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This white paper combines a tutorial on the fundamentals of thermoregulation with a review of the current literature concerned with physiological thermoregulatory responses of humans and laboratory animals in the presence of radio frequency (RF) and microwave fields. The ultimate goal of research involving whole body RF exposure of intact organisms is the prediction of effects of such exposure on human beings. Most of the published research on physiological thermoregulation has been conducted on laboratory animals, with a heavy emphasis on laboratory rodents. Because their physiological heat loss mechanisms are limited, these small animals are very poor models for human beings. Basic information about the thermoregulatory capabilities of animal models relative to human capability is essential for the appropriate evaluation and extrapolation of animal data to humans. In general, reliance on data collected on humans and nonhuman primates, however fragmentary, yields a more accurate understanding of how RF fields interact with humans. Such data are featured in this review, including data from both clinic and laboratory. Featured topics include thermal sensation, human RF overexposures, exposures attending magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), predictions based on simulation models, and laboratory studies of human volunteers. Supporting data from animal studies include the thermoregulatory profile, response thresholds, physiological responses of heat production and heat loss, intense or prolonged exposure, RF effects on early development, circadian variation, and additive drug-microwave interactions. The conclusion is inescapable that humans demonstrate far superior thermoregulatory ability over other tested organisms during RF exposure at, or even above current human exposure guidelines. Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 6:S17-S38, 2003.

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Thermoregulation in Macaca mulatta: a thermal balance study

Cited by 51 publications

References 0 publications

Impact of Ambient Temperature on Hyperthermia Induced by (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Rhesus Macaques

Impact of Ambient Temperature on Hyperthermia Induced by (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Rhesus Macaques

Oral administration of (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and (+)methamphetamine alters temperature and activity in rhesus macaques

Thermoregulatory responses to RF energy absorption

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