Thermoplasticization of High Amylose Starch by Chemical Modification Using Reactive Extrusion

Stagner, Jacqueline; Alves, Vanessa Dias; Narayan, Ramáni; Beléia, Adelaide Del Pino

doi:10.1007/s10924-011-0307-3

Cited by 39 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In addition, due to the low shear force of the twin-screw extruder and moderate low temperatures used to obtain the samples, it was not expected to achieve chemical modification of starch chains with glycerol. 40 Up to 500 °C, Veegum ® HS clay exhibits one mass loss event caused by the release of moisture initially present in the inorganic material. This event ranges from the beginning of the heating ramp up to 150 °C, yielding a mass loss of 6.5 wt.% (Figure 3 inset).…”

Section: Thermogravimetric Analysis (Tga)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocomposites Based on Cassava Starch and Chitosan-Modified Clay: Physico‑Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability in Simulated Compost Soil

Perotti

Kijchavengkul

Auras

et al. 2016

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Organic-inorganic nanocomposites based on cassava starch, glycerol and chitosan-modified Veegum ® HS clay mineral at two different low polymer-to-clay ratios (2.5 and 5.0 wt.%) were prepared by extrusion producing flexible, transparent and homogeneous plastics as potential candidates for agricultural purposes. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy images revealed the presence of both intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites in all samples, in which exfoliation is the predominant type of microscopic structure. Statistically significant improvements of over 20% on the tensile strength and Young's modulus were observed for samples containing chitosan-modified clay in comparison to pristine thermoplastic starch. Chitosan deeply affects the conversion of polymer carbon to CO 2 through biodegradation. Mineralization values for the sample loaded with 5.0 wt.% of chitosan-modified clay in simulated compost soil showed a reduction of almost 40% in comparison to thermoplastic starch, benefiting applications where delay degradation is required.Keywords: organic-inorganic hybrids, nanocomposites, extrusion, cassava starch, Veegum clay IntroductionPolymers produced from biodegradable resources have been intensely investigated over the past decades in an effort to decrease human reliance on fossil-based materials, especially over growing concerns about improper discard of these materials. [1][2][3] In particular, naturally occurring polymers or commonly known as biopolymers, macromolecules with large abundance across the globe, seem potential candidates to replace partially or totally oil-based plastics in many applications. 1,3 Among them, biopolymers made from or blends with starch appear in a growing number of reported studies as a potential material with a broad array of applications. In fact, starch possesses several properties desired in modern materials, such as large availability from different sources obtained in all regions, low cost associated to both cultivation/harvesting and also processing to obtain the final product and full biodegradability under regular disposal conditions. 4,5 Cassava starch is composed mainly of two types of polysaccharides, amylose and amylopectin. 1,6 Even though amylose to amylopectin ratio might not be constant depending on the cassava species, it is usually around 1:4, respectively.7 While both polysaccharides are constituted by the same monomer unit called α-D-glucopyranose, amylose possesses almost exclusively 1-4 α linkages, originating short linear chains ( Figure 1a). 1,8 On the other hand, amylopectin features not only the presence of 1-4 α linkages, but also 1-6 α linkages, yielding much larger and coiled structures (Figure 1b). 9 In order to transform cassava starch on a plastic material, it is necessary to disrupt its hierarchical coiled structure. 10 Addition of plasticizers such as glycerol or urea, among others, is often needed during the production Nanocomposites Based on Cassava Starch and Chitosan-Modified Clay J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 650 of ther...

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Section: Thermogravimetric Analysis (Tga)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocomposites Based on Cassava Starch and Chitosan-Modified Clay: Physico‑Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability in Simulated Compost Soil

Perotti

Kijchavengkul

Auras

et al. 2016

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…Starch acetylation is a modification technique that can be performed on starch with emulsifiers (Stagner et al . ). We adopt lecithin (LEC) as esterification agent during extrusion processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It is important to understand the structural changes in order to improve the functional properties of starch-based material during extrusion processing Li et al 2013;Licata et al 2014;Rashid et al 2015). Starch acetylation is a modification technique that can be performed on starch with emulsifiers (Stagner et al 2011). We adopt lecithin (LEC) as esterification agent during extrusion processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Lecithin Addition on the Properties of Extruded Maize Starch

Yang

Luo

et al. 2015

Journal of Food Processing and Preservation

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Normal maize starch combined with lecithin (LEC) was treated at a moisture content of 30% and screw speed of 160 rpm by extrusion processing. Extrusion treatment decreased the X‐ray intensities of maize starch, and the diffraction peak type of extrudates was changed from A to A + V. Extrusion processing increased the gelatinization temperature and decreased the gelatinization enthalpy. A drop in pasting temperature and viscosity of extrudates was found with increasing barrel temperature. Compared with native maize starch, scanning electron micrograph results showed that the surface was rough, distorted and the diameter of extrudate granule became bigger. The Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that the characteristic peak at 1,734/cm−1 was observed for maize starch LEC extrudates. The forgoing data suggested that the esterification of maize starch with LEC occurred during extrusion processing. This work provided a method for the production of esterified starch with LEC that can be used in the food industry. Practical Applications This research had an objective to study the surface morphology, structure, viscosity and thermal properties. This study provided some basic information required for the production of low‐viscosity starch extrudates using maize starch blended with enhanced technological properties that are comparable with maize starch using lecithin. The starch extrudates have been successfully applied in ice cream and bakery processing. Understanding the formula and extrusion conditions to alter its functionality in puffed ingredients will benefit the food industry and will allow for the expanded use of this ingredient in extrudate maize starch. Understanding of the changes during extrusion processing between maize starch and lecithin is required for necessary processing actions and decisions.

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“…This approach was based on using a HAAKE rheometer incorporating a twin-rotor mixer, which was modified to improve its sealing and feeding, and to build an oxygen-proof environment [27]. Although reactive extrusion (REX) for starch modification has been developed since early 1990's [28][29][30][31][32][33][34], extrusion is a highly complex process bringing difficulties in accurately manipulating the chemical reaction and the characteristics of the final products. Moreover, the equipment investment for REX is relatively high, which cannot be stood by especially many SMEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-step method to prepare starch-based superabsorbent polymer for slow release of fertilizer

Xiao

Xie

et al. 2017

Chemical Engineering Journal

177

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Here we report the use of a one-step process of reactive melt mixing to prepare starch-based superabsorbent polymers (SBSAPs) for the slow release of urea as a fertilizer. A modified twin-rotor mixer, with improved sealing to establish an oxygen-free environment, was used to study the chemical and physical reactions during the melt-processing through monitoring the temperature and torque. The effects of the initiator (ceric ammonium nitrate, or CAN), crosslinker (N,N'-methylene-bisacrylamide, or N,N'-MBA) and saponification agent (NaOH) under different reaction conditions (time, temperature, and shear intensity) were systematically studied. Also investigated was the effect of starch with different amylose content. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that using this simple technique, SBSAPs were successfully prepared from either high-amylopectin starch (waxy corn starch) or high-amylose starch (Gelose 50) grafted with AM and crosslinked by N,N'-MBA. Gel strength was evaluated by rheometry, which revealed a significant increase in storage modulus (G') obtained in the crosslinked high-amylose SBSAP gels. Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a more sophisticated structural network with a smaller pore size in the crosslinked high-amylose gels. Urea as a fertilizer was embedded in the SBSAP gel network, and this network controlled the urea release in water. The release rate of urea depended on the gel strength, gel microstructure and water absorption capacity (WAC) of SAP, which was affected by the reaction conditions and degree of saponification.

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Thermoplasticization of High Amylose Starch by Chemical Modification Using Reactive Extrusion

Cited by 39 publications

References 11 publications

Nanocomposites Based on Cassava Starch and Chitosan-Modified Clay: Physico‑Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability in Simulated Compost Soil

Nanocomposites Based on Cassava Starch and Chitosan-Modified Clay: Physico‑Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability in Simulated Compost Soil

Effects of Lecithin Addition on the Properties of Extruded Maize Starch

One-step method to prepare starch-based superabsorbent polymer for slow release of fertilizer

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