Thermoplasticity and parallel-plate poling of electro-optic polyimide host thin films

Valley, J. F.; Wu, Jianyao; Ermer, Susan; Stiller, M.; Binkley, E. S.; Kenney, John T.; Lipscomb, G. F.; Lytel, R.

doi:10.1063/1.107473

Cited by 50 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…EO response of a NLO polymer, while the temperature is increased at a constant rate. The EO response is nearly constant to T, of the polymer and diminishes rapidly in the vicinity of Tg (after Valley et al [142]). EO experiments provide a simple means for investigating the thermal stability of the dipole orientation and the dipolerelaxation processes in the time domain.…”

Section: Teng and Man Introduced An Ellipsometric Setup [1301 Schemamentioning

confidence: 94%

“…EO experiments provide a simple means for investigating the thermal stability of the dipole orientation and the dipolerelaxation processes in the time domain. Valley et al [142] introduced EO measurements during heating of the polymer at a constant rate (EO Thermal Analysis or EOTA). As shown in Figure 15, the EO signal is constant up to the T, of the polymer and diminishes rapidly in the vicinity of Tg where the molecular dipoles become hghly mobile.…”

Section: Teng and Man Introduced An Ellipsometric Setup [1301 Schemamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonlinear optical polymer electrets current practice

Bauer‐Gogonea

Gerhard²

1996

IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul.

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Amorphous polymers with strong second-order optical nonlinearities contain molecular chromophore dipoles as guest molecules, as side groups, or as main-chain segments. In order to break the inherent centrosymmetry of the initially isotropic dipole orientation in these materials and to render them nonlinear optically active (as well as piezo- and pyroelectric), preferential dipole alignment by means of electrical poling is necessary. After poling the nonlinear optical polymer films are molecular dipole electrets so that the full range of techniques for the preparation and investigation of polar electrets may be employed, together with nonlinear optical techniques, originally developed for the investigation of ferroelectric polymers, such as poly(vinylidene fluoride). The field of nonlinear optical polymers developed from very enthusiastic beginnings in the early eighties to the present and more realistic approach, with real applications just about to appear

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Section: Teng and Man Introduced An Ellipsometric Setup [1301 Schemamentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Teng and Man Introduced An Ellipsometric Setup [1301 Schemamentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear optical polymer electrets current practice

Bauer‐Gogonea

Gerhard²

1996

IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul.

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“…Second, most small molecules have a plasticizing effect on polymers, lowering the glass transition temperature Tg. This effect has been shown in polyimide systems containing Disperse Red 1 (DKl) 19 or DCM 20 as a guest. Ionic mobility increases as Tg is reached, so the core electrical conductivity increases at a faster rate than does the conductivity of the higher-Tg polyimide cladding.…”

Section: Eo Polymer Mach-zehnder Modulatorsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Electrooptic Polymer Mach—Zehnder Modulators

Girton

Anderson

Valley

et al. 1995

ACS Symposium Series

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Electro-Optic polymer Mach-Zehnder modulators are described with regard to design, fabrication, and testing at high operating speeds. The expected frequency response is discussed in terms of an electrical signal propagating co-linearly with an optical signal, as well as the conductivities of the electrodes. The effects of polymer conductivity and poling efficiency on modulator switching voltage are described. Modulators fabricated to have 5 V switching levels were tested using a bit error rate test system, and the results show excellent response times at a clock rate of 900 Mb/s. The response was limited by test equipment, and the actual performance is calculated to be significantly above the equipment limitations.Electro-optic (EO) modulators based on certain polymer materials have significant advantages over inorganic devices, such as LiNt>03, in four major areas: 1) higher operating speeds using simple electrode designs, 2) lower manufacturing costs using integrated circuit (IC) fabrication techniques, 3) ease of integration with underlying substrate circuitry, and 4) simpler optical fiber attachment using inherent characteristics of Si substrates. The high speed device operation using simple electrode designs, such as a true microstrip electrode, is due to a low effective dielectric constant, on the order of 2.5. This permits the electrical phase front of a microstrip electrode, which is directly over an optical waveguide, to travel at essentially the same velocity as the optical phase front in the waveguide. Thus, small changes in the polymer index of refraction caused by the electrode field will add cumulatively as the electrical and optical fronts travel together. Also significant to very high speed operation is the fact that the EO response in these polymers results from small changes in the system of electrons responsible for polarization, rather than a displacement of nuclear coordinates as in inorganic materials. 1 The low cost of making polymer devices results from using small quantities of polymer materials fabricated on top of substrates such as Si or GaAs, while employing the same equipment that is used to build ICs. In addition, polymer waveguide structures can be easily fabricated direcdy on top of circuitry previously built into these substrates. This is much more difficult, or impossible, for inorganic materials such as LiNb03. Attachment of optical fibers to polymer devices can be assisted by using Si wafers with etched V-grooves that align precisely with the 1 Current address: Applied Materials, Santa Clara, CA 95050 0097-6156/95/0601-0456$12.00/0

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“…Treating this structure as a series combination of the resistance of the cladding layers (Rc) and that of the active layer (RA;), the ohmic voltage divider effect predicts that the voltage appearing across the active layer, VAis simply the total external applied voltage, V0 multiplied by the ratio of the resistance. VA=VOI RA (5) RA +R) Thus, if common high-resistance cladding layers were employed (Rc>>RA), the resulting poling field in the active layer would be significantly smaller than that obtained in a single-layer structure having only an active layer. With these highly resistive claddings, the device created would be poled ineffectively resulting in lower orientational order, lower NLO activity and thus higher switching voltages.…”

Section: A)mentioning

confidence: 94%

<title>Optimizing nonlinear electro-optic polymer devices through cladding layer design and selection</title>

et al. 1999

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An analysis of the design and function of multi-layer electro-optic (EO) device structures is presented. Some alternate methods of enhancing electro-optic capabilities of existing, well-studied EO materials are investigated. Through analysis of the electronic and linear optical properties of these components, some possible enhancements have been demonstrated. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the relative conductivity and electrical properties of the cladding and guiding layers play a crucial role in the function of electro-optic, guided wave devices. The addition of relatively conductive cladding layers in a device structure has been shown to reduce external poling voltage and delay catastrophic breakdown at high effective poling fields, thus enhancing the achievable EO coefficients and reducing the necessity for high poling voltages. Similarly, material studies have also indicated that the incorporation of a thin interlayer between guiding and cladding layers can lead to enhanced guiding and poling in electro-optic guided wave devices. Thus modifications of the non-active components in existing device structures are shown to enhance both waveguide function and electro-optic characteristics of these polymer guided-wave devices.

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Thermoplasticity and parallel-plate poling of electro-optic polyimide host thin films

Cited by 50 publications

References 16 publications

Nonlinear optical polymer electrets current practice

Nonlinear optical polymer electrets current practice

Electrooptic Polymer Mach—Zehnder Modulators

<title>Optimizing nonlinear electro-optic polymer devices through cladding layer design and selection</title>

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