Thermoplastic Nanocomposites and Their Processing Techniques

Haider, Sajjad; Khan, Yasin; Al-Masry, Waheed A.; Haider, Adnan

doi:10.5772/36941

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…For the design of the non-covalent functionalization strategies, an important decision regards the polymer matrix and the processing method. In the case of thermosets, most of the processes consist on liquid phase polymerization [1786]. For thermoplastic matrixes, most of the polymers are processed by melt mixing, and just in a few cases in situ polymerization can be an alternative [1786].…”

Section: Viii22 Noncovalent Derivatization Of Go For Thermoplasticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of thermosets, most of the processes consist on liquid phase polymerization [1786]. For thermoplastic matrixes, most of the polymers are processed by melt mixing, and just in a few cases in situ polymerization can be an alternative [1786]. The polarity of the matrix, from very nonpolar such as the polyolephines, to polar such as polycarbonate needs to be taken into account.…”

Section: Viii22 Noncovalent Derivatization Of Go For Thermoplasticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production and processing of graphene and related materials

et al. 2020

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We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a ‘hands-on’ approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors’ experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section is devoted to ‘bottom up’ approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section covers ‘top down’ techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers’ and modified Hummers’ methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro- or aerogels. The assembly of flakes into 3d structures can provide improved mechanical properties. Aerogels with a highly open structure, with interconnected hierarchical pores, can enhance the accessibility to the whole surface area, as relevant for a number of applications, such as energy storage. The main recipes to yield graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are also discussed. GICs are suitable precursors for covalent functionalization of graphene, but can also be used for the synthesis of uncharged graphene in solution. Degradation of the molecules intercalated in GICs can be triggered by high temperature treatment or microwave irradiation, creating a gas pressure surge in graphite and exfoliation. Electrochemical exfoliation by applying a voltage in an electrolyte to a graphite electrode can be tuned by varying precursors, electrolytes and potential. Graphite electrodes can be either negatively or positively intercalated to obtain GICs that are subsequently exfoliated. We also discuss the materials that can be amenable to exfoliation, by ...

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Section: Viii22 Noncovalent Derivatization Of Go For Thermoplasticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Viii22 Noncovalent Derivatization Of Go For Thermoplasticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and processing of graphene and related materials

et al. 2020

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“…Among potential materials that can be used as a matrix for composite materials, thermoplastic polymers offer advantages such as low density, high specific strength and toughness, together with ease of processing. In order to achieve good dispersion of nanofillers in the thermoplastic matrix, several methods are reported in literature including solution mixing, melt blending, and in-situ polymerization [3,11]. Some of the most common thermoplastic materials used are acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyamides (PA), polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term performance and durability of polycarbonate/carbon nanotube nanocomposites

et al. 2018

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Due to their good mechanical properties, low density, and ease of processing polymer nanocomposites are of interest for a multitude of applications in the automotive, electronics, and leisure industry. Besides having an impact on short-term mechanical performance of polymers, the addition of nanoreinforcements can have also a significant effect on long-term properties such as the resistance to static (creep) and cyclic (fatigue) loadings. However, despite its significance there is a shortage of long-term mechanical performance data for thermoplastic-based polymer nanocomposites. Reason being that existing characterization methods for long-term performance and durability are time consuming and limited in their applicability. Here, an engineering approach to predict long-term time-to-failure of polycarbonate/carbon nanotube (PC/CNT) nanocomposites is presented based on short-term experimentation with an application to both creep and fatigue. Results showed that the addition of CNTs had an opposite effect on two important long-term failure mechanisms. Addition of CNTs lead to improvements in durability in the plasticity-controlled failure regime, whereas it had an adverse effect in the slow crack growth-controlled regime, meaning that in the latter regime nanocomposite performance was significantly less than that of the neat polymer matrix.

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“…Generally, it was observed clearly that there were no changes in tacticity within the crystallographic structure of the composites based on recycled PP. All the peaks reflected the α-phase of polypropylene, as supported by the literature [54][55][56][57]. The ATR-FTIR was used to investigate the dependence of the incorporation of nW filler in a PP-r polymer on the chemical structure of the nW-PPr composites.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Functionalised Fibres as a Coupling Reinforcement Agent in Recycled Polymer Composites

Črešnar,

Plohl,

Zemljič

2024

Materials

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This study addresses the structure–property relationship within the green concept of wood fibres with cellulose nanofibre functionalised composites (nW-PPr) containing recycled plastic polyolefins, in particular, polypropylene (PP-r). It focuses especially on the challenges posed by nanoscience in relation to wood fibres (WF) and explores possible changes in the thermal properties, crystallinity, morphology, and mechanical properties. In a two-step methodology, wood fibres (50% wt%) were first functionalised with nanocellulose (nC; 1–9 wt%) and then, secondly, processed into composites using an extrusion process. The surface modification of nC improves its compatibility with the polymer matrix, resulting in improved adhesion, mechanical properties, and inherent biodegradability. The effects of the functionalised WF on the recycled polymer composites were investigated systematically and included analyses of the structure, crystallisation, morphology, and surface properties, as well as thermal and mechanical properties. Using a comprehensive range of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential measurements, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), this study aims to unravel the intricate interplay of factors affecting the performance and properties of the developed nanocellulose-functionalised wood fibre–polymer composites. The interfacial adhesion of the nW-PPr polymer composites, crystallisation process, and surface properties was improved due to the formation of an H-bond between the nW coupling agent and neat PP-r. In addition, the role of nW (1.0 wt%) as a nucleating agent resulted in increased crystallinity, or, on the other hand, promoted the interfacial interaction with the highest amount (3.0% wt%, 9.0% wt%) of nW in the PP-r preferentially between the nW and neat PP-r, and also postponed the crystallisation temperature. The changes in the isoelectric point of the nW-PPr polymer composites compared to the neat PP-r polymer indicate the acid content of the polymer composite and, consequently, the final surface morphology. Finally, the higher storage modulus of the composites compared to neat r-PP shows a dependence on improved crystallinity, morphology, and adhesion. It was clear that the results of this study contribute to a better understanding of sustainable materials and can drive the development of environmentally friendly composites applied in packaging.

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Thermoplastic Nanocomposites and Their Processing Techniques

Cited by 7 publications

References 68 publications

Production and processing of graphene and related materials

Production and processing of graphene and related materials

Long-term performance and durability of polycarbonate/carbon nanotube nanocomposites

Functionalised Fibres as a Coupling Reinforcement Agent in Recycled Polymer Composites

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