Thermoplastic Carbon/Polyamide 12 Composites Containing Functionalized Graphene, Expanded Graphite, and Carbon Nanofillers

Hofmann, Daniel; Keinath, Michaela; Thomann, Ralf; Mülhaupt, Rolf

doi:10.1002/mame.201400066

Cited by 35 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Graphite (KFL 99.5) and multilayered graphenes (MLG 350; V‐EG‐98‐350) were obtained from AMG Mining AG (AMG Graphite, Hauzenberg, Germany). The MLG 350 fabrication is based on graphite oxidation using a modified Hummers process and subsequent thermolysis without further description of details in the synthesis . Table 1 summarizes the carbon filler properties.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a) Values for multilayer graphene (MLG 350) and pristine graphite are adapted from previous publications …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specific surface area of TRGO, MLG 350, and graphite was investigated by Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller analysis (BET) using a BET Sorptomatic 1990 (Porotec, Hofheim, Germany). For electrical conductivity, the resistivity of pure carbon fillers was examined using a four‐point measurement arrangement and converted into their specific conductivity in line with previous reports …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermoplastic SEBS Elastomer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Functionalized Graphene Dispersions

Hofmann

Thomann

Mülhaupt

2017

Macro Materials & Eng

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of FG to polymer matrices, enabling efficient stress transfer.The traditional top-down pathway to FG involves intercalative oxidation of graphite to produce graphite oxide (GO), which is readily dispersed in water and other polar diluents. In a second step, the chemical or thermal reduction of the GO intermediate yields FG, referred to as chemically reduced GO (CRGO) or thermally reduced GO (TRGO). [15][16][17][18][19] Typically, FG comprises a rather complex mixture of single-and few-layer graphene together with some larger stacks, all of which bear hydroxyl-, phenol-, or carboxyl-groups, preferably located along the FG edges or at structural defects. [20][21][22][23][24] As opposed to defect-free graphene isolated by Geim and co-workers, due to the presence of functional groups and defects disrupting conjugation, FG exhibits a crumpled topology. [23][24][25][26][27] Although the functional groups somewhat impair its electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, FG is readily dispersed in various diluents such as water, acetone, and isopropanol, or even in polymer melts. [28][29][30][31][32] Since varying GO thermolysis parameters enables simple tailoring of FG polarities and compatibilities, TRGO represents an attractive intermediate for producing a broad range of unique carbon/ polymer composites with variable matrices among them, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, styrene butadiene rubber, polyurethane, and polyamide 12. [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] Compared to the extensive research into thermoplastic graphene/polymer nanocomposites, much less is known about improving property profiles of thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) by means of graphene dispersion. Among the TPEs, polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-r-butylene)-b-polystyrene (SEBS) exhibits an attractive balance of rubber properties and processability, typical for thermoplastics. [45,46] As a result of its ABA block copolymer design, phase-separated SEBS forms thermoreversible physical crosslinks, which account for rubber elasticity and enable processing by melt extrusion. [47] Moreover, SEBS exhibits excellent weathering resistance, along with high polyolefin compatibility, soft-touch haptics, and low gloss. [48] Hence, it meets the highly diversified needs of various applications ranging from plastics and bitumen modification to soft-polyvinylchloride (PVC) replacement in automotive interior parts, medical devices, adhesives, sealants, or coatings. [45,46,48] It is well recognized that the interplay between compatibilized carbon nanofillers and nanophase-separated TPEs such as SEBS holds great promise for producing SEBS/carbon Nanocomposites Blending a maleinated polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-r-butylene)-b-polystyrene (SEBS) thermoplastic elastomer with functionalized graphene (FG) dispersions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) prior to the melt processing results in SEBS/FG nanocomposites with improved property profiles. According to microscopic imaging (atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, focus ion beam-scannin...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a) Values for multilayer graphene (MLG 350) and pristine graphite are adapted from previous publications …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermoplastic SEBS Elastomer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Functionalized Graphene Dispersions

Hofmann

Thomann

Mülhaupt

2017

Macro Materials & Eng

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“…Owing to the presence of functional groups, both dispersion and interfacial adhesion of graphene fillers are substantially improved. For instance, functionalized graphene was incorporated into polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethanes, rubber, polystyrene, and polyamide . In contrast to micronized graphite and graphene nanoplatelets containing a large number of stacked graphene layers, single and few‐layer graphenes afford far superior mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the corresponding graphene/polymer nanocomposites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low carbon filler content of 0.6 wt% was sufficient to achieve substantial improvements of mechanical properties . Hofmann and Mülhaupt prepared carbon/PA12 composites by twin‐screw extrusion and examined the influence of various carbon fillers, among thermally reduced graphite oxide (TRGO), multilayer graphene (MLG), expanded graphene (EG) and carbon nanotubes (CNT), on mechanical, thermal, electrical, and barrier properties of carbon/PA12 composites . In this benchmarking, TRGO and MLG surpassed the performance of the other carbon fillers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen‐Doped Multilayer Graphene as Functional Filler for Carbon/Polyamide 12 Nanocomposites

Beckert

Tölle²,

Bruchmann³

et al. 2015

Macro Materials & Eng

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Herein, we report on the facile thermolysis process for producing nitrogen‐doped few‐layer graphene (CN) as a functional filler derived from graphite oxide (GO) and cyanamide (CA). The nitrogen content is governed by the thermolysis temperature and CA content. As compared to conventional thermally reduced GO, the nitrogen doping by GO/CA thermolysis at 800 °C accounts for a substantial increase of electrical filler conductivity from 48 to 467 S · cm−1. According to XPS measurements, pyridinic, pyrrolic, and graphitic nitrogen groups were incorporated into graphene during thermolysis. Graphene/polyamide 12 (PA12) composites containing between 1 and 5 wt% were prepared by melt compounding. At 5 wt% graphene filler content, the Young's modulus was increased by +53% with respect to PA12. Whereas nitrogen doping did not affect mechanical properties of graphene/PA12, it greatly improved the electrical conductivity of both graphene and the corresponding graphene/PA12 nanocomposites. Hence, the nitrogen doping of graphene holds a great promise for improving the performance of functional graphene fillers.

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Graphene Derivatives in Semicrystalline Polymer Composites

Paszkiewicz

Szymczyk

Rosłaniec

2016

Advanced 2D Materials

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Thermoplastic Carbon/Polyamide 12 Composites Containing Functionalized Graphene, Expanded Graphite, and Carbon Nanofillers

Cited by 35 publications

References 65 publications

Thermoplastic SEBS Elastomer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Functionalized Graphene Dispersions

Thermoplastic SEBS Elastomer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Functionalized Graphene Dispersions

Nitrogen‐Doped Multilayer Graphene as Functional Filler for Carbon/Polyamide 12 Nanocomposites

Graphene Derivatives in Semicrystalline Polymer Composites

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