Thermophilic Bacilli and their Enzymes in Composting

Bhattacharya, Abhishek; Pletschke, Brett I.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08004-8_6

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…For example, diversity studies have revealed the apparent domination of the members of this class in geothermal sources with temperature optimums ranging from 45 to 70 °C, such as hot springs [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] and deep-sea hydrothermal vents [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ] to name a few. The thermophilic family Bacillaceae also account for the most prevalent group of thermophiles present during the thermophilic temperature phases in the compost, with represented genera of Geobacillus, Bacillus, Ureibacillus, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus, and Aneureinibacillus , now highlighted in many studies [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. In contrast, Larkin et al (1966) reported the distribution and diversity of ninety psychrophilic isolates of Bacillus from the soil, mud, and water by selective enrichment at 0 °C [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomics and Culture Dependent Insights into the Distribution of Firmicutes across Two Different Sample Types Located in the Black Hills Region of South Dakota, USA

et al. 2021

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Firmicutes is almost a ubiquitous phylum. Several genera of this group, for instance, Geobacillus, are recognized for decomposing plant organic matter and for producing thermostable ligninolytic enzymes. Amplicon sequencing was used in this study to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of the Firmicutes in two distinctly related environmental samples—South Dakota Landfill Compost (SDLC, 60 °C), and Sanford Underground Research Facility sediments (SURF, 45 °C). Although distinct microbial community compositions were observed, there was a dominance of Firmicutes in both the SDLC and SURF samples, followed by Proteobacteria. The abundant classes of bacteria in the SDLC site, within the phylum Firmicutes, were Bacilli (83.2%), and Clostridia (2.9%). In comparison, the sample from the SURF mine was dominated by the Clostridia (45.8%) and then Bacilli (20.1%). Within the class Bacilli, the SDLC sample had more diversity (a total of 11 genera with more than 1% operational taxonomic unit, OTU). On the other hand, SURF samples had just three genera, about 1% of the total population: Bacilli, Paenibacillus, and Solibacillus. With specific regard to Geobacillus, it was found to be present at a level of 0.07% and 2.5% in SURF and SDLC, respectively. Subsequently, culture isolations of endospore-forming Firmicutes members from these samples led to the isolation of a total of 117 isolates. According to colony morphologies, and identification based upon 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis, we obtained 58 taxonomically distinct strains. Depending on the similarity indexes, a gyrB sequence comparison appeared more useful than 16S rRNA sequence analysis for inferring intra- and some intergeneric relationships between the isolates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomics and Culture Dependent Insights into the Distribution of Firmicutes across Two Different Sample Types Located in the Black Hills Region of South Dakota, USA

et al. 2021

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“…The largest variability for this trait was obtained for strains of the genera from the phylum Firmicutes, Brevibacillus , Geobacillus , Bacillus , Aeribacillus , and the Actinobacteria Microbacterium , which had representatives in both extremes of the temperatures tested. All these Firmicutes genera have been earlier reported to grow in a wide range of temperatures ( Bhattacharya and Pletschke, 2014 ; Verma et al, 2019 ), but Microbacterium usually grows at temperature lower than 44°C ( Fidalgo et al, 2016 ). Chelatococcus strains were optimal at 30°C and 40°C, whereas it was over 40°C for the strains of the genera Paenibacillus , Terribacillus , and Ureibacillus .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The unique representative of Lysinibacillus had optimal growth at 20°C ( Figure 2A ), that is, in the range of growth temperature of the genus (16°C–45°C) ( Ahmed et al, 2007 ). Xyl activity, thermotolerance, and thermophilia are common traits among Firmicutes, especially for bacilli and related genera ( Bhattacharya and Pletschke, 2014 ). In fact, Geobacillus , Paenibacillus , and Bacillus , our predominant isolates, are the most widely reported thermophilic bacteria for their ability to produce thermostable Xyl ( Verma et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Thermophilic Lignocellulolytic Microorganisms in Composting

et al. 2021

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Composting involves the selection of a microbiota capable of resisting the high temperatures generated during the process and degrading the lignocellulose. A deep understanding of the thermophilic microbial community involved in such biotransformation is valuable to improve composting efficiency and to provide thermostable biomass-degrading enzymes for biorefinery. This study investigated the lignocellulose-degrading thermophilic microbial culturome at all the stages of plant waste composting, focusing on the dynamics, enzymes, and thermotolerance of each member of such a community. The results revealed that 58% of holocellulose (cellulose plus hemicellulose) and 7% of lignin were degraded at the end of composting. The whole fungal thermophilic population exhibited lignocellulose-degrading activity, whereas roughly 8–10% of thermophilic bacteria had this trait, although exclusively for hemicellulose degradation (xylan-degrading). Because of the prevalence of both groups, their enzymatic activity, and the wide spectrum of thermotolerance, they play a key role in the breakdown of hemicellulose during the entire process, whereas the degradation of cellulose and lignin is restricted to the activity of a few thermophilic fungi that persists at the end of the process. The xylanolytic bacterial isolates (159 strains) included mostly members of Firmicutes (96%) as well as a few representatives of Actinobacteria (2%) and Proteobacteria (2%). The most prevalent species were Bacillus licheniformis and Aeribacillus pallidus. Thermophilic fungi (27 strains) comprised only four species, namely Thermomyces lanuginosus, Talaromyces thermophilus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Gibellulopsis nigrescens, of whom A. fumigatus and T. lanuginosus dominated. Several strains of the same species evolved distinctly at the stages of composting showing phenotypes with different thermotolerance and new enzyme expression, even not previously described for the species, as a response to the changing composting environment. Strains of Bacillus thermoamylovorans, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, T. lanuginosus, and A. fumigatus exhibiting considerable enzyme activities were selected as potential candidates for the production of thermozymes. This study lays a foundation to further investigate the mechanisms of adaptation and acquisition of new traits among thermophilic lignocellulolytic microorganisms during composting as well as their potential utility in biotechnological processing.

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“…Isolate 2B40 showed 99% similarity with Bacillus licheniformis KP081r, while isolate 20B40 presented 99% similarity with Bacillus paralicheniformis PB61. Species of Bacillus species have been isolated and reported to play a major role in agro-waste degradation during composting (Bhattacharya and Pletschke 2014;Kinet et al 2015). Amore et al (2013), also reported the isolation of novel cellulolytic bacteria most of which belong to the members of genera Bacillus.…”

Section: Identification Of Isolate 2b40 and 20b40 Using 16s Rdnamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulase production by co-culture of Bacillus licheniformis and B. paralicheniformis over monocultures on microcrystalline cellulose and chicken manure-supplemented rice bran media

Kazeem

Ajijolakewu

Rahman

2021

BioRes

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Single cultures and co-cultures of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus paralicheniformis isolated from compost were evaluated for their carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and filter paperase (FPase) production potential. Using a medium supplemented with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), in the co-culture, CMCase and FPase activities increased 8.87- and 2.28-fold and 10.15- and 3.20-fold over B. licheniformis and B. paralicheniformis monocultures, respectively. The synergistic behavior of the two isolates might be due to the consumption of hydrolysis product (glucose, cellobiose) by one or both of the isolates, which improved their metabolic performance for cellulase secretion. Optimal conditions for cellulase production by this co-culture were a temperature of 45 °C, and pH 7 at 180 rpm in a medium containing rice bran at 1% (w/v) and chicken manure as nitrogen supplement at 2% (w/v). The maximum CMCase and FPase produced under the above conditions were 79.8 U/mL and 12.5 U/mL, respectively. This corresponds to 257.4- and 59.5-fold enhancement in CMCase and FPase activity, respectively, over B. licheniformis monoculture, and 306.9- and 83.3-fold increase with respect to the B. paralicheniformis monoculture. These results indicate that improved cellulase production can be achieved through co-culture and chicken manure nitrogen-supplement.

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Thermophilic Bacilli and their Enzymes in Composting

Cited by 12 publications

References 70 publications

Metagenomics and Culture Dependent Insights into the Distribution of Firmicutes across Two Different Sample Types Located in the Black Hills Region of South Dakota, USA

Metagenomics and Culture Dependent Insights into the Distribution of Firmicutes across Two Different Sample Types Located in the Black Hills Region of South Dakota, USA

Characterization of Thermophilic Lignocellulolytic Microorganisms in Composting

Cellulase production by co-culture of Bacillus licheniformis and B. paralicheniformis over monocultures on microcrystalline cellulose and chicken manure-supplemented rice bran media

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