Thermogravimetric Analysis of Flame-Retardant-Treated Wools

Beck, P.; Gordon, Peter; Ingham, Peter

doi:10.1177/004051757604600702

Cited by 26 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Thermogravimetric analysis of dichromate treated wool has shown that its rate of decomposition is much faster than for untreated wool and this rate accelerates with increasing concentrations of dichromate [2]. It is possible that the observed adherence of molten aluminium to wool dyed with excessive dichromate concentrations could be explained in a similar manner as the effect of reactive ogranophosphorus polymer treatments on cotton [4], i.e., an increase in the critical surface tension of wool sufficient to cause &dquo;wetting&dquo; by molten aluminium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Chrome Dyeing on Protection of Wool Against Molten Aluminium

Beníšek¹,

Edmondson²

1984

Textile Research Journal

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Our evaluation of the performance of various flameretardant fabrics against molten metal splashes indicated the superior metal shedding properties of wool [4][5][6]. Recently, we noticed that some chrome dyed wool fabrics performed in an uncharacteristic manner against molten aluminium. This work evaluates the effect of chrome dyeing on the performance of wool against this molten metal. -EXPERIMENTALWe used a 100% wool undyed gaberdine fabric, 270 g/m2 weight, 0.90 mm thickness, and 0.30 g/CM2 density. The fabric was treated at the boil in the laboratory dyemaster with 4% owf Eriochrome Black PV 200%, 4% owf ammonium sulphate, and acetic acid to give a bath pH of 4-4.5, at a liquor ratio of 30:1 until the dye had exhausted. Afterchroming was accomplished by changing the bath and adding ( 1.5%-6% potassium dichromate owf) and formic acid to give a bath pH of 3.5 and boiling for 30 minutes followed by one cold water rinse and oven drying at 100°C for 15 minutes. TEST METHODSThe molten aluminium test was performed accord--ing to a test method decribed previously [5]; 150 g of molten aluminium at 800°C was poured on the fabric and the amount of metal that adhered to the fabric and damage to the PVC skin simulant was determined.Ash and Cr203 content were determined according to the IWTO 1976 (E), Appendix D test method. The chromium trioxide content of wool was determined from the result of the ash content of chrome dyed wool, less the ash content of undyed wool.Afterglowing time was evaluated according to the FAR 25.853b vertical flame test [I]. The afterglowing time was measured after the removal of the ignition source. RESULTSApplication of more than 2.5% potassium dichromate in a complete chrome dyeing procedure resulted in adherence of molten aluminium to the wool fabric with subsequent heat transfer to the simulated PVC skin (Table I). When potassium dichromate was applied to the undyed fabric, a slightly higher concentration, more than 3%, was required to cause the same adverse effect. Treatment of wool with dichromate also significantly increased afterglowing time, particularly when more than 2.5% K2Cr207 was applied to dyed wool. DISCUSSIONThermogravimetric analysis of dichromate treated wool has shown that its rate of decomposition is much faster than for untreated wool and this rate accelerates with increasing concentrations of dichromate [2]. It is possible that the observed adherence of molten aluminium to wool dyed with excessive dichromate concentrations could be explained in a similar manner as

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter method depends on the difference in properties such as densities, Micronaires, moisture regains, etc. [2,3,4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Chrome Dyeing on Protection of Wool Against Molten Aluminium

Beníšek¹,

Edmondson²

1984

Textile Research Journal

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“…The second stage occurs above nearly 200 °C, where the major and sudden weight loss is observed. It is ascribed to breakage of the hydrogen bond in the peptide helical structure and to the change of the solid to liquid state of wool along with the cleavage of the disulfide bonds, causing the release of several volatile species, as demonstrated in the previous reports [ 6 , 43 , 44 ]. The PBTCA-treated wool exhibited higher thermal degradation temperature in the counterpart of the control wool, as indicated by the data listed in Table 2 and the values of T10% shown in Figure 5 a.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Flame Retardancy and Thermal Behavior of Wool Fabric Treated with a Phosphorus-Containing Polycarboxylic Acid

et al. 2021

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The compound 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA) is an eco-friendly water treatment agent possessing flame-retardant phosphorus element and multi-carboxylic acid groups in its molecular structure. In the present work, PBTCA is employed as a finishing agent to improve the flame retardancy of the wool fabrics by the pad-dry-cure technique. The treated wool (10.2% weight gain) by 100 g/L of PBTCA showed an increased flame retardancy with a limiting oxygen index value (LOI) of 44% with a minimum char length of 40 mm. Importantly, the treated wool can self-extinguish after 30 washing cycles. The PBTCA-treated wool exhibited better stability with obviously increased char residue of 39.7% and 28.7% at 600 °C, while only 25.9% and 13.2% were measured for the control wool in nitrogen and air atmosphere, respectively. In addition, the high thermal stability of the treated wool with astonishing char-forming ability is confirmed by the SEM images of the wool after the isothermal heating treatment at different temperatures. Finally, a two-stage flame-retarding mechanism of enhanced crosslinking and char formability of PBTCA-treated wool is proposed and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and thermal (DSC and TGA) results of the pyrolytic volatiles of the treated wool.

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Investigation into the flame retardant properties of soybean fabric treated with sulphamic acid

Vynias

Carr

2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The effect of sulfamic acid and urea treatments on the flame retardant properties of soybean fabric has been investigated by Limiting Oxygen Index (L.O.I.), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) in order to characterize both the bulk and surface properties. The sulfamic acid finish significantly reduced the soybean fabric flammability and appeared to function in the solid phase with increased char formation. Incorporation of urea into the formulation increased the level of reaction and associated weight gain. However, the wash durability of the sulfamic acid modification of the soybean fabric was limited, but after treatment with a cationic fixing agent, Matexil FC-ER significantly increased the wash fastness and related flame retardant effect. XPS analysis demonstrated the substantivity of the cationic fixing agent to soybean fiber surface and its binding effect on the sulfamate at the fiber surface.

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Thermogravimetric Analysis of Flame-Retardant-Treated Wools

Cited by 26 publications

References 10 publications

Effect of Chrome Dyeing on Protection of Wool Against Molten Aluminium

Effect of Chrome Dyeing on Protection of Wool Against Molten Aluminium

Flame Retardancy and Thermal Behavior of Wool Fabric Treated with a Phosphorus-Containing Polycarboxylic Acid

Investigation into the flame retardant properties of soybean fabric treated with sulphamic acid

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