Thermographic assessment of scab disease on apple leaves

Abstract

Phytopathogenic fungi may affect both the cuticular and the stomatal conductance of plant tissue resulting in significant modifications of leaf temperature. Venturia inaequalis colonizes apple leaves below the cuticle (subcuticularly) causing scab disease. The suitability of digital infrared thermography for sensing and quantifying apple scab was assessed by investigating the effects of V. inaequalis on the water balance of apple leaves in relation to the disease stage and the severity of scab. Transpiration was measured by infrared thermo-imaging to evaluate spatial heterogeneity of the leaves in response to localized infections. Fungal development was assessed microscopically. Subcuticular growth of the pathogen caused localized decreases in leaf temperature before symptoms appeared that significantly increased the maximum temperature difference (MTD) of leaves. The MTD increased with scab development and was strongly correlated to the size of infection sites (r 2 linear = 0.85) and overall disease severity (% diseased leaf area, r 2 square = 0.71). In later stages of the disease, the MTD decreased because of leaf senescence. Thermographic measurements revealed differences in disease severity resulting from disease stage, resistance of host tissue and differences in the aggressiveness of V. inaequalis isolates. Subcuticular growth of the pathogen was beyond the area of conidia production, therefore, the area of leaf with increased transpiration was larger than the scab lesions; the proportion decreased from [70% in the early stages to \20% for mature lesions. Leaf transpiration was increased by all stages of scab development, therefore, MTD may be used not only for the differentiation between diseased and non-diseased leaves, but also for disease quantification, e.g. in screening systems and monitoring in precision agriculture.

Infra-Red Thermography as a High-Throughput Tool for Field Phenotyping

“…In this case an increase in temperature resulting from stomatal closure was apparently caused by an accumulation of salicylic acid at the infection site; this was followed by a decrease in temperature resulting from cell death as visible necrotic lesions developed. Similarly, IRT has also been used under controlled conditions to identify areas infected by downy mildew before the visible symptoms appeared [99] and under field conditions to detect Plasmopara viticola in grapevine [100] and Venturia inaequalis, in apple [101]. a a b b…”

Application of Thermal Imaging in Agriculture and Forestry

“…Infrared thermography for sensing and quantifying apple scab was assessed by investigation of the water balance of apple leaves in relation to the disease stage and the severity of scab. Oerke et al (2011) found that leaf transpiration was increased by all stages of scab development. The maximum temperature difference may be used in screening systems for monitoring in precision agriculture.…”

“…Thermographic is useful tool for assessment of scab disease on apple leaves ( Oerke et al, 2011). Infrared thermography for sensing and quantifying apple scab was assessed by investigation of the water balance of apple leaves in relation to the disease stage and the severity of scab.…”

Picturing pathogen infection in plants

“…In a study on apple scab, thermal imaging was proven useful for describing the severity of the disease resulting from the disease stage, resistance of host tissue and differences in the virulence of Venturia inaequalis isolates infecting apple trees [93]. The infection by Phyllosticta of two conifer species induced a temperature rise in areas surrounding the inoculation site, suggesting a strong activation of stomata closure that would in turn be associated with the inhibition of Φ PSII and the increase in NPQ capacity [87].…”