Thermogenesis in humans during overfeeding with medium-chain triglycerides

Hill, James O.; Peters, John C.; Yang, David C.H.; Sharp, Terry L.; Kaler, Mary; Abumrad, Naji N.; Greene, Harry L.

doi:10.1016/0026-0495(89)90101-7

Cited by 183 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Confounders such as dietary habits, lifestyle, individual cholesterol metabolism, genetics, and environment could all play a key role in the magnitude of treatment effects and should be addressed in future research investigating ALP supplementation. One of the major concerns when feeding MCT is a potential increase in plasma triglyceride concentrations [19,21,22]. This was not observed in our study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…Reports of the effects of MCT feeding on circulating lipid levels in animal [22,26,27] and human studies [19,[21][22][23][24][25] have been well documented. Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that in humans, MCT oil in combination with phytosterols and flaxseed oil has the capacity to negate the deleterious effects of plain MCT feeding [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These reports of increased oxidative capacity have made MCT appealing as a possible adjunct for the treatment of obesity; however, MCT have also been shown to have deleterious effects on the blood lipid profile, causing their use to be less desirable. There is strong evidence in the literature to suggest that MCT increase circulating triglyceride levels [19,21,22]. In addition, MCT have also been shown to increase circulating LDL cholesterol levels [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture and α-lipoic acid diet on body composition, antioxidant status, and plasma lipid levels in the Golden Syrian hamster

Wollin

Wang

Kubow

et al. 2004

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

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The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the antioxidant ␣-lipoic acid (ALP) versus a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture (MCTo), which was designed to increase energy expenditure and to improve lipid profiles containing medium chain triglycerides, phytosterols, and omega-3 fatty acids in the form of flaxseed oil. A total of 48 hamsters were fed a) hypercholesterolemic (HC) control, b) HC MCTo, c) HC ALP, or d) HC MCTo/ALP diet for 4 weeks. No differences were observed on food intake, body weight, total body water, lean and fat mass, and tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). ALP alone had no effect on total cholesterol (TC); however, MCTo feeding increased TC with (P Ͻ 0.03) and without (P Ͻ 0.003) ALP when compared with control. ALP increased HDL levels compared with control (P Ͻ 0.04) and MCTo/ALP (P Ͻ 0.007) groups. MCTo, with (P Ͻ 0.0001) or without (P Ͻ 0.006) ALP, increased non-HDL cholesterol levels versus control. The non-HDL:HDL cholesterol ratio was decreased by ALP compared with MCTo (45%) and MCTo/ALP (68%) (P Ͻ 0.0001), a similar trend was seen when compared with the HC control (22%) group (P Ͻ 0.14). Triglyceride levels were not altered by any dietary treatment. Liver and heart tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) was increased (P Ͻ 0.05) by all three treatments when compared with control. Both tissues showed an increase (P Ͻ 0.05) in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) when fed ALP as compared with other treatments. Hamsters fed ALP had a lower (P Ͻ 0.05) GSH/GSSG ratio compared with other treatment groups. In conclusion, MCTo feeding does not elicit beneficial effects on circulating plasma lipids and measures of body composition. In addition, our results do not clearly support an improvement in oxidative status through supplementation of ALP. However, our results do support the existence of beneficial effects of ALP on circulating lipoprotein content in the hamster.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture and α-lipoic acid diet on body composition, antioxidant status, and plasma lipid levels in the Golden Syrian hamster

Wollin

Wang

Kubow

et al. 2004

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

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“…The lipogenic effects of medium-chain triglycerides are suggestive (Hill et al, 1990), but have not been studied quantitatively in animal models or in humans.…”

Section: Dnl After Ethanol (Etoh) Ingestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

De novo lipogenesis in humans: metabolic and regulatory aspects

1999

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The enzymatic pathway for converting dietary carbohydrate (CHO) into fat, or de novo lipogenesis (DNL), is present in humans, whereas the capacity to convert fats into CHO does not exist. Here, the quantitative importance of DNL in humans is reviewed, focusing on the response to increased intake of dietary CHO. Eucaloric replacement of dietary fat by CHO does not induce hepatic DNL to any substantial degree. Similarly, addition of CHO to a mixed diet does not increase hepatic DNL to quantitatively important levels, as long as CHO energy intake remains less than total energy expenditure (TEE). Instead, dietary CHO replaces fat in the whole-body fuel mixture, even in the post-absorptive state. Body fat is thereby accrued, but the pathway of DNL is not traversed; instead, a coordinated set of metabolic adaptations, including resistance of hepatic glucose production to suppression by insulin, occurs that allows CHO oxidation to increase and match CHO intake. Only when CHO energy intake exceeds TEE does DNL in liver or adipose tissue contribute signi®cantly to the wholebody energy economy. It is concluded that DNL is not the pathway of ®rst resort for added dietary CHO, in humans. Under most dietary conditions, the two major macronutrient energy sources (CHO and fat) are therefore not interconvertible currencies; CHO and fat have independent, though interacting, economies and independent regulation. The metabolic mechanisms and physiologic implications of the functional block between CHO and fat in humans are discussed, but require further investigation. IntroductionIn this review, I will address the fate of surplus dietary carbohydrate (CHO) in humans. More speci®cally, the focus will be on conversion of CHO to fat, or de novo lipogenesis (DNL), with the question framed in quantitative terms: to what extent is surplus dietary CHO energy converted to fat? The various ways in which CHO content of the diet can be increased will be considered: increased CHO that replaces dietary fat (high-CHO low-fat, eucaloric diets); CHO added to a mixed diet, where CHO energy is less than total energy expenditure (TEE) but total energy intake exceeds TEE; and CHO consumption in excess of TEE. This review will therefore focus on the upper limits and consequences of increased CHO intake rather than on the lower limits and consequences of insuf®cient fat intake. Background and historical review

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“…They increase thermogenesis and seem to increase satiety via increasing plasma levels of hydroxybutyrate (Hill et al 1989;Van Wymelbeke et al 2001). Conflicting results have been reported about the effects of chronic administration of MCT on plasma glucose, insulin, triacylglycerols and cholesterol levels (Eckel et al 1992;Asakura et al 2000); (Tholstrup et al 2004;Marten et al 2006;Han et al 2007;Oikari et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of FABP2 promoter haplotype on response to a diet with medium-chain triacylglycerols

et al. 2012

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The fatty-acid-binding protein-2 (FABP2) gene has been proposed as a candidate gene for diabetes because the encoded protein is involved in fatty acid absorption and therefore may affect insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. The rare haplotype (B) of its promoter was shown to be associated with a lower risk for type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a polymorphism in the FABP2 promoter does affect the metabolic response to either an medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) or an long-chain triacylglycerol (LCT) diet, which were suggested to differ in transport mechanisms, in affinity to FABP2, in activating transcription factors binding to the FABP2 promoter and in their effects on insulin sensitivity. We studied 82 healthy male subjects varying in the FABP2 promoter (42 homozygous for common haplotype (A), 40 homozygous for the rare haplotype (B)) in an interventional study with either an MCT or LCT diet over 2 weeks to examine gene-nutrient interaction. The saturation grade of MCT was adjusted to that of the LCT fat. We determined glucose, insulin, triacylglycerols (TGs), chylomicron triacylglycerols and cholesterol before and after a standardised mixed meal before and after the intervention. HDL cholesterol increased in all groups, which was most pronounced in subjects homozygous for the common promoter haplotype A who received MCT diet (P = 0.001), but not significant in homozygous rare haplotype B subjects who received MCT fat. Subjects homozygous for FABP2 haplotype A showed a significant decrease in fasting and postprandial glucose (P = 0.01, 0.04, respectively) and a decrease in insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, P = 0.04) during LCT diet. After correction for multiple testing, those effects did not remain significant. Fasting and postprandial triacylglycerols, LDL cholesterol, chylomicron TGs and cholesterol were not affected by genotype or diet. MCT diet increased HDL cholesterol dependent on the FABP2 promoter haplotype. The effects of the promoter haplotype B could be mediated by PPARc, which is upregulated by mediumchain fatty acids.

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Thermogenesis in humans during overfeeding with medium-chain triglycerides

Cited by 183 publications

References 19 publications

Effects of a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture and α-lipoic acid diet on body composition, antioxidant status, and plasma lipid levels in the Golden Syrian hamster

Effects of a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture and α-lipoic acid diet on body composition, antioxidant status, and plasma lipid levels in the Golden Syrian hamster

De novo lipogenesis in humans: metabolic and regulatory aspects

The effect of FABP2 promoter haplotype on response to a diet with medium-chain triacylglycerols

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